Publication and Authorship

1. All submitted manuscripts are subject to a rigorous peer-review process conducted by reviewers with expertise relevant to the subject of the manuscript.
2. The journal applies a double-blind peer-review process.
3. Reviewers evaluate manuscripts based on relevance, methodological soundness, significance, originality, readability, and language quality.
4. Editorial decisions may include acceptance, acceptance subject to revision, or rejection.
5. An invitation to revise and resubmit a manuscript does not guarantee its subsequent acceptance.
6. Rejected manuscripts will not be reconsidered or reviewed again unless otherwise determined by the Editorial Board on substantial grounds.
7. Manuscript acceptance remains subject to applicable legal requirements concerning defamation, copyright infringement, plagiarism, and other relevant matters.
8. The same research or substantially similar content must not be published in more than one publication.

Authors' Responsibilities

1. Authors must certify that the submitted manuscript is their original work.
2. Authors must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere.
3. Authors must certify that the manuscript is not currently under consideration for publication elsewhere.
4. Authors must participate appropriately in the peer-review and revision process.
5. Authors are required to provide corrections or retractions when significant errors are identified.
6. All individuals listed as authors must have made substantial contributions to the research and preparation of the manuscript.
7. Authors must ensure that all data presented in the manuscript are accurate, authentic, and not fabricated or falsified.
8. Authors must disclose any financial, institutional, professional, or personal conflicts of interest.
9. Authors must properly identify and acknowledge all sources used in preparing the manuscript.
10. Authors must promptly notify the editors when they discover a significant error or inaccuracy in a submitted or published article.

Reviewers' Responsibilities

1. Reviewers must keep all information concerning submitted manuscripts confidential and treat review materials as privileged information.
2. Reviews must be conducted objectively and must not contain personal criticism of the authors.
3. Reviewers must express their assessments clearly and support their comments with appropriate arguments or evidence.
4. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors.
5. Reviewers should notify the Editor-in-Chief of any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under review and other published or submitted work of which they are aware.
6. Reviewers must decline assignments where competitive, collaborative, institutional, financial, personal, or other conflicts of interest could compromise the independence of their assessment.

Editors' Responsibilities

1. Editors have the authority and responsibility to accept or reject manuscripts submitted to the journal.
2. Editors are responsible for the academic content, editorial integrity, and overall quality of the publication.
3. Editors should consider the needs of authors and readers when improving the journal and its editorial processes.
4. Editors must safeguard the quality of published articles and the integrity of the scholarly record.
5. Editors must publish corrections, errata, expressions of concern, or retractions when necessary.
6. Editors should ensure that sources of research funding and financial support are clearly disclosed.
7. Editorial decisions must be based solely on the manuscript's scholarly importance, originality, clarity, methodological quality, and relevance to the journal's focus and scope.
8. Editors should not reverse their own decisions or overturn decisions made by previous editors without substantial and documented reasons.
9. Editors must preserve the anonymity and confidentiality of reviewers in accordance with the journal's double-blind peer-review policy.
10. Editors must ensure that published research complies with internationally accepted ethical standards and applicable research-ethics requirements.
11. Editors should accept a manuscript only when they are reasonably satisfied that it meets the journal's academic and ethical requirements.
12. Editors must take appropriate action when misconduct is suspected in either published or unpublished work and must make reasonable efforts to resolve the matter.
13. Editors must not reject a manuscript solely on the basis of unsupported suspicion and should seek sufficient evidence before determining that misconduct has occurred.
14. Editors must prevent and appropriately manage conflicts of interest involving editorial staff, authors, reviewers, and Editorial Board members.

Research Misconduct

The journal seeks to identify and prevent plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, data falsification, inappropriate authorship, undisclosed conflicts of interest, and other forms of research misconduct. Suspected misconduct will be assessed objectively and may result in manuscript rejection, correction, retraction, an expression of concern, or notification of the relevant institution when appropriate.

Corrections and Retractions

Authors, reviewers, readers, and other parties are encouraged to report significant errors or suspected ethical violations to the Editorial Office. The journal is committed to preserving the integrity of the scholarly record through corrections, retractions, expressions of concern, and other appropriate editorial actions.