Permitted Use

Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies may be used only to improve the readability, clarity, grammar, and language quality of a manuscript.

These technologies must not replace the authors' scholarly judgment, critical analysis, interpretation, originality, or responsibility for the submitted work.

Human Supervision

All use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies must take place under direct human supervision and control.

Authors must carefully review, verify, and edit all AI-generated or AI-assisted content because such technologies may produce information that appears authoritative but is inaccurate, incomplete, misleading, fabricated, or biased.

Authors remain fully responsible and accountable for the accuracy, originality, integrity, and final content of the manuscript.

AI and Authorship

Generative AI tools and AI-assisted technologies must not be listed or cited as authors or co-authors.

Authorship requires responsibilities that can be fulfilled only by human contributors, including accountability for the work, approval of the final manuscript, disclosure of conflicts of interest, and responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the research.

Disclosure Requirement

Authors who use generative AI or AI-assisted technologies during the writing process must disclose such use when the manuscript is initially submitted.

The disclosure must be placed in a separate section at the end of the manuscript, immediately before the references. The statement will be included in the published version of the article.

Required Section Title

The disclosure section should use the following title:

Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process

Disclosure Statement

Authors should use the following format and replace the information in brackets:

During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used [NAME OF TOOL/SERVICE] for [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) thoroughly reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the published article.

Examples of Disclosure

The following examples may be adapted according to the actual use of the technology:

During the preparation of this work, the author used ChatGPT to improve the readability and grammatical clarity of selected passages. After using this service, the author thoroughly reviewed and edited the content as necessary and takes full responsibility for the final content of the published article.

During the preparation of this work, the authors used an AI-assisted language-editing tool to improve sentence structure and English-language clarity. After using this tool, the authors thoroughly reviewed and edited the content as necessary and take full responsibility for the final content of the published article.

Uses Not Requiring Disclosure

A declaration is not required for the use of basic tools that do not generate substantive manuscript content, including:

• standard spelling checkers;
• basic grammar checkers;
• reference-management applications;
• citation-formatting tools; and
• ordinary word-processing functions.

If no generative AI or AI-assisted technology was used during the writing process, authors are not required to include a declaration.

Accuracy and Verification

Authors must independently verify all facts, citations, quotations, legal provisions, case references, data, and bibliographic information generated or suggested by an AI-assisted technology.

Authors must not rely on generative AI output as an authoritative source. AI-generated content must not be cited as evidence unless the use of the AI system is itself the subject of the research and is appropriately described in the manuscript.

Confidentiality and Intellectual Property

Authors must not upload confidential information, personal data, unpublished third-party materials, copyrighted content without authorization, or information subject to legal or institutional restrictions into generative AI systems.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that the use of AI-assisted technologies does not violate confidentiality, privacy, copyright, research ethics, or intellectual-property obligations.

Use by Reviewers and Editors

To protect authors' confidentiality, intellectual property, and unpublished research, reviewers and editors are prohibited from uploading submitted manuscripts or related review materials into generative AI or AI-assisted systems, including ChatGPT, during the peer-review and manuscript-evaluation process.

Reviewers and editors remain personally responsible for the confidentiality, independence, accuracy, and integrity of their assessments and editorial decisions.

Editorial Action

Failure to disclose material use of generative AI, submission of inaccurate or fabricated AI-generated content, improper attribution, breach of confidentiality, or use of AI in violation of this policy may result in:

• a request for clarification or correction;
• return of the manuscript to the authors;
• rejection of the manuscript;
• correction or retraction of a published article; or
• other appropriate action in accordance with the journal's publication-ethics policies.

Policy Review

The journal may review and update this policy in response to developments in artificial-intelligence technologies, publication-ethics standards, confidentiality requirements, and compliant tools for scholarly publishing.