Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow Leaf Extract on Mice (Mus musculus) Induced with Carrageenan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v11i2.11434Keywords:
antiinflammatory, carrageenan, citrus benalu leaf, GCMSAbstract
Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism of the body against injury or disease; however, excessive inflammation can lead to various chronic conditions. Prolonged use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs is associated with adverse effects, creating a need for safer natural alternatives. One such candidate is the citrus benalu leaf (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow), a parasitic plant rich in flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract from citrus benalu leaves in carrageenan-induced mice. A laboratory experimental design using a Randomized Pre- and Post-Test Control Group approach was employed with 25 mice divided into five groups: negative control (CMC-Na 0.5%), positive control (sodium diclofenac), and three treatment groups receiving citrus benalu leaf extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. The extract was administered orally 30 minutes after carrageenan induction, and paw edema was measured every 30 minutes for 180 minutes. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among groups, and LSD post hoc analysis indicated that all treatment groups differed significantly from the negative control (p < 0.05) but not from the positive control (p > 0.05). The 400 mg/kgBW dose demonstrated the greatest efficacy, reducing paw edema to 3.08%. These findings suggest that citrus benalu leaf extract has promising potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, offering an alternative to synthetic drugs with fewer side effects.
References
1. Semis HS, Gur C, Ileriturk M, Kaynar O, Kandemir FM. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in a model of λ-Carrageenan–induced paw edema in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2021;40(12_suppl):S721-S738. doi:10.1177/09603271211054436
2. Hasyim B, Yudhawan I, Ekowati H, Rachmani EPN. Anti-inflammatory activity of combination of ethanol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) in carrageenan-induced rats. Acta Pharm Indones Acta Pharm Indo. 2024;11(2):11548. doi:10.20884/1.api.2023.11.2.11548
3. Rousdy DW, Wardoyo ERP, Ifadatin S. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bajakah Stem (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Ethanolic Extract in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Mice. J Biodjati. 2022;7(1):66-74. doi:10.15575/biodjati.v7i1.14126
4. Tapnio LS, Olaguer LST, Valdez JEC, Alcantara KNL, Angeles AD, Seva DRL. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Multi-Strain Probiotic Food Supplement on Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Male ICR Mice. Cogniz J Multidiscip Stud. 2024;4(7):187-196. doi:10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i07.016
5. Tarigan IL, Sari AK, Huda C, Jovanncha C, Muadifah A. Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Analysis of Coleus arthropurpureus Ethyl Acetate Fraction and Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus. ALKIMIA J Ilmu Kim dan Terap. 2020;4(1):17-23. doi:10.19109/alkimia.v4i1.5123
6. Alqudah A, Qnais EY, Gammoh O, Bseiso Y, Wedyan M. Potential anti-inflammatory activity of the Salvia fruticosa Mill. essential oil. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2024;12(1):14-26. doi:10.56499/jppres23.1724_12.1.14
7. Malino AP, Kepel BJ, Budiarso FDH, Fatimawali F, Manampiring AE, Bodhi W. In Vitro Test of Antioxidant Activity of Leilem Leaf Ethanol Extract (Clerodendrum minahassae) Using DPPH and FRAP Methods. Heca J Appl Sci. 2024;2(1):27-34. doi:10.60084/hjas.v2i1.135
8. Gunaydin C, Bilge SS. Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs at the Molecular Level. Eurasian J Med. 2018;50(2):116-121. doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.0010
9. Suryandari SS, Queljoe E De, Datu OS. Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Sesewanua Leaves (Clerodendrum squamatum Vahl.) Towards White Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Induced by Carrageenan. Pharmacon. 2021;10(3):1025-1032.
10. Karim N, Khan I, Khan W, et al. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of asparacosin a involve selective cyclooxygenase 2 and inflammatory cytokines inhibition: An in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico approach. Front Immunol. 2019;10(MAR):1-11. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00581
11. Latief M, Fisesa AT, Sari PM, Tarigan IL. ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SUNGKAI LEAVES (Peronema canescens JACK) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN CARRAGEENAN INDUCED MICE. J Farm Sains dan Prakt. 2021;7(2):144-153. doi:10.31603/pharmacy.v7i2.4532
12. Putu N, Pratiwi E, Javandira C, Putu L, Widyastuti Y. Nusantara Community Empowerment Review Pendampingan Pascapanen Jeruk Siam untuk Mempertahankan Mutu di Desa. 2024;2(2):119-125.
13. Udayani NNW, Wiguna PDS, Cahyaningsih E, Wardani IGAAK. Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Benalu Jeruk (Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow) dengan Pelarut n-Heksan dan Etanol. J Ilm Medicam. 2023;9(2):150-157. doi:10.36733/medicamento.v9i2.7136
14. Neman A, Maarisit W, Karauwan F. Uji Ekstrak Etanol Daun Benalu Kersen (Dendropthoe Pentrandra L.) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Ratus Norvegicus) Sebagai Anti Inflamasi. Biofarmasetikal Trop. 2022;5(1):55-59. doi:10.55724/jbiofartrop.v5i1.369
15. Tamunu M sarra, Pareta DN, Hariyadi H, Karauwan FA. Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Benalu Pada Kersen Dendrophtoe pentandra (L.) Dengan Metode 2,2- diphenyl -1- Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Biofarmasetikal Trop. 2022;5(1):79-82. doi:10.55724/jbiofartrop.v5i1.378
16. Setiani LA, Moerfiah M, Yulianita Y. Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Infusa Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina) pada Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi Karagenan. Pharmacon J Farm Indones. 2020;17(1):77-85. doi:10.23917/pharmacon.v17i1.9322
17. Zunnita O, Auliya R. Uji Efektivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Daun Jamblang ( Syzygium cumini L .) terhadap Mencit ( Mus musculus L .) yang diinduksi Karagenan. J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2024;17(1):1-8.
18. Widyasti JH, Kurniasari F. Uji Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Daun Andong Merah (Cordyline Fruticosa L. A Cheval) terhadap Tikus Model Induksi Karagenan. Indones J Pharm Nat Prod. 2024;07(2):129-135.
19. Tumbel SK, Hariyadi H, Tombuku JL, Tapehe Y. Uji Efektivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Daun Benalu Dendrophthoe petandra L. Pada Kayu Jawa Terhadap Tikus Putih Rattus norvegicus Yang Diinduksi Aloksan. Biofarmasetikal Trop. 2020;3(1):92-96. doi:10.55724/j.biofar.trop.v3i1.262
20. Hotmian E, Suoth E, Fatimawali F, Tallei T. ANALISIS GC-MS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY) EKSTRAK METANOL DARI UMBI RUMPUT TEKI (Cyperus rotundus L.). Pharmacon. 2021;10(2):849. doi:10.35799/pha.10.2021.34034
21. Darmapatni KAG. Pengembangan Metode GC-MS untuk Penetapan Kadar Acetaminophen pada Spesimen Rambut Manusia. J Biosains Pascasarj. 2016;18(3):255. doi:10.20473/jbp.v18i3.2016.255-266
22. Mu’nisa A, Muflihunna A. Analisis GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry) Ekstrak Etanol Ekstrak Actinopyga Echinites di Pesisir Pantai Puntondo Kabupaten Takalar. PHARMACON. 2023;9(2):2246-2250.
23. Al-Rubaye AF, Hameed IH, Kadhim MJ. A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some Plants. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2017;9(01). doi:10.25258/ijtpr.v9i01.9042
24. Parvathi K, Kandeepan C, Sabitha M, et al. In-silico Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination and Toxicity profile of 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (ODA) from Moringa oleifera. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2022;12(2-S):142-150. doi:10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5289
25. The British Nutrition Foundation. Chemistry of Unsaturated Fatty Acids. In: Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Springer US; 1992:1-5. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-4429-0_1
26. Kartina K, Agang MW, Adiwena M. Karakterisasi Kandungan Fitokimia Estrak Daun Karamunting (Melastoma malabatchricum L.) Menggunakan Metode Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Biota J Ilm Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati. 2019;4(1):16-23. doi:10.24002/biota.v4i1.2363
27. Abubakar M, Majinda R. GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Pterocarpus angolensis (DC). Medicines. 2016;3(1):3. doi:10.3390/medicines3010003
28. Fitri H, Nurul Akhlas R, Mahdiana LF, Maliza R. Effects of Arabika Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Pulp Extracts on Anopheles sp. Larva Mortality. J Biol Trop. 2023;23(1):229-235. doi:10.29303/jbt.v23i4b.5890
29. Hodiyah I, Hartini E, Rahmawati N. Efikasi Ekstrak Daun Jarak Pagar Sebagai Pestisida Nabati untuk Mengendalikan b. dorsalis. Media Pertan. 2019;4(1):21-29.
30. Olofsson P, Hultqvist M, Hellgren LI, Holmdahl R. Phytol: A Chlorophyll Component with Anti-inflammatory and Metabolic Properties. In: Recent Advances in Redox Active Plant and Microbial Products. Springer Netherlands; 2014:345-359. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8953-0_13
31. Taj T, Sultana R, Shahin HD, Chakraborthy M, Gulzar Ahmed M. Phytol A Phytoconstituent, Its Chemistry And Pharmacological Actions. Gis Sci J. 2021;8(1):395-406.
32. Singh SP, Sashidhara K V. Lipid lowering agents of natural origin: An account of some promising chemotypes. Eur J Med Chem. 2017;140:331-348. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.020
33. Sulistiawan SS, Sadeghi K, Choi Y je, Chung C moon, Seo J. Preparation of new modified pyrogallol vinyl monomer and its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. J Food Sci Technol. 2025;62(9):1792-1798. doi:10.1007/s13197-025-06228-9
34. Alonso A misael, Reyes-maldonado OK, Mar A, et al. Effect of Pelargonium peltatum ( Geraniaceae ). Molecules. Published online 2022:1-19. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.3390/molecules27113436
35. Karaket N, Pansuksan K. Phytochemicals detected in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz stem extracts and their log-patterns of ABTS radical scavenging activities. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2024;14(7):133-138. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2024.156279
36. Zhang Y, Yang S, Qiu Z, et al. Pyrogallol enhances therapeutic effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells against LPS-mediated inflammation and lung injury via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;191:66-81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.08.030
37. Tavita GE, Lestari D, Linda R, Apindiati RK, Rafdinal R. Phytochemical Testing and In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity on Ethanol Extract of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava L) Stems from West Kalimantan. J Biol Trop. 2022;22(4):1334-1339. doi:10.29303/jbt.v22i4.4431
38. Sofiana MSJ, Safitri I, Warsidah W, Helena S, Nurdiansyah SI. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities from Ethanol Extract of Eucheuma cottonii from Lemukutan Island Waters West Kalimantan. Saintek Perikan Indones J Fish Sci Technol. 2021;17(4):247-253. doi:10.14710/ijfst.17.4.247-253
39. Murningsih T, Fathoni A. Evaluasi Aktivitas Anti-Inflamasi dan Antioksidan Secara In-vitro, Kandungan Fenolat Dan Flavonoid Total Pada Terminalia spp. [Evaluation of In-vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoic Contain on Terminalia spp.]. ISSN 2502-3632 ISSN 2356-0304 J Online Int Nas Vol 7 No1, Januari – Juni 2019 Univ 17 Agustus 1945 Jakarta. 2016;15(2)(9):159-166.
40. Ma B, Arma S, Sholekhah atu, et al. Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak dan Tablet Daun Kenitu (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) pada Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) The Antiinflammatory Effect of Chrysophyllum cainito L. Leaves Extract and Tablet in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Farm J Sains Farm. 2024;5(1):1-9.
41. Saputri FC, Zahara R. Uji Aktivitas Anti-Inflamasi Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum L.) pada Tikus Putih Jantan yang Diinduksi Karagenan. Pharm Sci Res. 2016;3(3):107-119. doi:10.7454/psr.v3i3.3619
42. Waris R, Mursyid AM. Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Arbenan [Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke]. J Fitofarmaka Indones. 2021;8(1):18-22. doi:10.33096/jffi.v8i1.722
43. Fatima M, Al-Keridis LA, Adnan M, Alshammari N, Sulieman AME, Khan MR. Jasminum humile extract mitigates carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats by modulating inflammatory and antioxidant signalling pathways. Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33(4):1907-1920. doi:10.1007/s10787-025-01692-3
44. Widyasti Hayu Jena KF. Uji Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Daun Andong Merah (Cordyline Fruticosa L. A Cheval) terhadap Tikus Model Induksi Karagenan. Indones J Pharm Nat Prod. 2020;03(1):59-67.
45. Hasibuan AS. Anti-Inflammatory Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Ambarella Fruit Leaves (Spondias dulcis Frost) Against Male Rats Induced Carrageenan. Indones J Pharm Res. 2021;1(2):38-43. doi:10.31869/ijpr.v1i2.2830
46. Angreani D, Sangi M, Fatimah F. AKTIVITAS ANTI-INFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL TEPUNG PELEPAH AREN (Arenga pinnanta). Chem Prog. 2020;13(2):123-127. doi:10.35799/cp.13.2.2020.31894
47. Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Wong WK. Statistical tests for homogeneity of variance for clinical trials and recommendations. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2023;33(March):101119. doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101119
48. Rahman IW, RN RNF, Ka’bah, Kristiana HN, Dirga A. Potensi ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan serattia marcescens. J Ilmu Alam dan Lingkung. 2022;13(1):14-22.
49. Safitri RA, Rahayu MP, Widodo GP. Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Batang Karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) Terhadap Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. J Surya Med. 2023;9(1):330-334. doi:10.33084/jsm.v9i1.5202
50. Yauw STK, Lomme RMLM, van den Broek P, Greupink R, Russel FGM, van Goor H. Experimental study of diclofenac and its biliary metabolites on anastomotic healing. BJS Open. 2018;2(4):220-228. doi:10.1002/bjs5.63
51. Fahmi FNA, Putra B, Santi I. Uji Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Matoa. Makassar Nat Prod Journal,. 2023;1(2):33-43.
52. Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Tomé SM, et al. Flavonoids Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 Enzymes and Cytokine/Chemokine Production in Human Whole Blood. Inflammation. 2015;38(2):858-870. doi:10.1007/s10753-014-9995-x
53. Sapiun Z, Pangalo P, K. Imran A, Wicita PS, Astuti Daud RP. Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(2):356-360. doi:10.5530/pj.2020.12.56
54. Muschietti L V., Ulloa JL, Redko FD. The Role of Flavonoids as Modulators of Inflammation and on Cell Signaling Pathways. In: Natural Products as Source of Molecules with Therapeutic Potential. Springer International Publishing; 2018:159-208. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00545-0_5
55. Ciumărnean L, Milaciu MV, Runcan O, et al. The Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules. 2020;25(18):4320. doi:10.3390/molecules25184320
56. Hošek J, Šmejkal K. Flavonoids as Anti-inflammatory Agents. In: Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases. Springer Basel; 2015:1-17. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_19-1
57. Zhong J, Tan L, Chen M, He C. Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms of Pulsatilla saponins. Chin Med. 2022;17(1):59. doi:10.1186/s13020-022-00613-8
58. Onggeteua FM, Sangi MS, Wuntu AD. Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Air Tepung Pelepah Aren (Arenga pinnata). Chem Prog. 2020;13(1):63-67. doi:10.35799/cp.13.1.2020.30207
59. Tang J, Liu Y, Wu Y, et al. Saponins as potential novel NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors for inflammatory disorders. Arch Pharm Res. 2024;47(10-11):757-792. doi:10.1007/s12272-024-01517-x
60. Maugeri A, Lombardo GE, Cirmi S, et al. Pharmacology and toxicology of tannins. Arch Toxicol. 2022;96(5):1257-1277. doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03250-0
61. Rahajeng VN, Permana S, Noprizon. Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Batang Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrical (L). Beauv) terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan yang Diinduksi Karagenin. J Ilm Bakti Farm. 2020;2020(1):37-44.
62. Priamsari MR, Krismonikawati RA. UJI DAYA ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOLIK KULIT TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceum, Cav.) PADA MENCIT JANTAN YANG DIINDUKSI KARAGENIN. J Ilmu Farm dan Farm Klin. 2020;16(02):86. doi:10.31942/jiffk.v16i02.3231
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Nyoman Wahyu Udayani, I Putu Aldy Mahendra, Ida Ayu Putu Widiasriani, I Made Agus Mahardika, I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
