Prevalence and Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease During Pregnancy In Indonesia: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46862/interdental.v22i2.14291Keywords:
Periodontal Disease, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Risk FactorsAbstract
Introduction: Periodontal disease during pregnancy continues to be a significant worldwide health concern with wide-ranging systemic effects. The association between maternal periodontitis and unfavourable pregnancy outcomes (APOs) has been shown by numerous systematic reviews. Studies conducted worldwide reveal significant variations in periodontitis prevalence and associated risk factors. This literature review aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of periodontal disease during pregnancy in Indonesia. Article searches were conducted in 7 databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Garuda, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar.
Review: This study followed the predefined PEOS eligibility criteria, with a population consisting of pregnant women of all ages and trimesters in Indonesia, various risk factors associated with periodontal disease as the exposure, and periodontal disease as the outcome. Inclusion criteria were original research published between January 2015 and April 2026, written in English or Indonesian. A total of 312 studies were identified, and 18 studies were included. The reported prevalence of periodontal disease during pregnancy in Indonesia ranged from 4.4% to 100%. Several associated risk factors found are oral hygiene, particularly calculus accumulation, crowded teeth, frequency of toothbrushing, betel nut consumption, smoking status, level of education, living area, gestational age, stress, health motivation, and contraceptive use history.
Conclusion: The prevalence of periodontal disease during pregnancy in Indonesia has remained quite high over the past decade. The majority of pregnant women in Indonesia need intervention in the form of Dental Health Education (DHE) and dental scaling.
Downloads
References
1. Hashim NT, Babiker R, Padmanabhan V, Ahmed AT, Chaitanya NC, Mohammed R, et al. The global burden of periodontal disease: a narrative review on unveiling socioeconomic and health challenges. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(4):1-35. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22040624.
2. Hu M, Zhang R, Wang R, Wang Y, Guo J. Global, regional, and national burden of periodontal diseases from 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2040: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Front Oral Health. 2025;6:1-15. DOI: 10.3389/froh.2025.1627746.
3. Corbella S, Taschieri S, Del Fabbro M, Francetti L, Weinstein R, Ferrazzi E. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring potential association. Quintessence Int. 2016;47(3):193-204. DOI: 10.3290/j.qi.a34980.
4. Daalderop LA, Wieland BV, Tomsin K, Reyes L, Kramer BW, Vanterpool SF, et al. Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes: overview of systematic reviews. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2018;3(1):10-27. DOI: 10.1177/2380084417731097.
5. Pockpa ZA, Soueidan A, Koffi-Coulibaly NT, Limam A, Badran Z, Struillou X. Periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes: review of two decades of clinical research. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2021;19:77-83. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b898969.
6. Ibraheem SA, Afolabi OA, Oveh R, Chukwuemeka A, Dabar A, Nwaokorie FO, et al. Periodontal diseases among pregnant adolescents and young women in Nigeria: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-025-06004-3.
7. Shi Q, Cai Y, Wang X, Liu G, Luan Q. Nomogram prediction for periodontitis in Chinese pregnant women with different sociodemographic and oral health behavior characteristics: a community-based study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04640-9.
8. Velosa-Porras J, Rodríguez-Malagón N. Prevalence and social determinants of periodontal disease in Colombian pregnant women. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2024;52:207-216. DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12916.
9. Belay AS, Achimano AA. Prevalence and risk factors for periodontal disease among women attending antenatal care in public hospitals, southwest Ethiopia, 2022: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2022;14:153-70. DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S367713.
10. Abdalrahman M, Abdulrahman S, Elshaali E. Association between pregnancy, gingivitis, and socioeconomic status. Attahadi Med J. 2025;2(2):139-143. DOI: 10.69667/amj.25212.
11. Zahra S, Asghar H, Khan N, Rana MA, Ali S, Asad R, et al. Assessment of periodontal health status and treatment needs among pregnant women. Cureus. 2024;16(7):1-11. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65267.
12. Caneiro-Queija L, López-Carral J, Martin-Lancharro P, Limeres-Posse J, Diz-Dios P, Blanco-Carrion J. Non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease in a pregnant Caucasian women population: adverse pregnancy outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19):1-14. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193638.
13. Schulz S, Stein JM, Schumacher A, Kupietz D, Yekta-Michael SS, Schittenhelm F, et al. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment options and their impact on subgingival microbiota. J Clin Med. 2022;11(5):1-14. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051187.
14. Berniyanti T, Kandar HS, Bramantoro T, Wening GR, Palupi R, Kusumo AD. Educational banner as a media to oral health during pregnancy phase information for pregnant women with lower secondary social economy. J Int Oral Health. 2019;11:S10-2. DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_220_18.
15. Tasyakuranti MN, Linati PA, Azkiyah F, Erzaligina DF, Fajarrudin DL, Pratiwi HD, et al. Promoting dental check-up for pregnant women. Indones J Dent Med. 2019;2(1):13-15. DOI: 10.20473/ijdm.v2i1.2019.13-15.
16. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023 dalam angka. Jakarta: Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan; 2024.
17. Oktarina O, Tumaji T, Roosihermiatie B, Ulfa Y, Afifah T, Irianto J, et al. Factors related to periodontal diseases among pregnant women: a national cross-sectional study in Indonesia. JPSS. 2025;33:472-90. DOI: 10.25133/JPSSv332025.025.
18. Tedjosasongko U, Anggraeni F, Wen ML, Kuntari S, Puteri MM. Prevalence of caries and periodontal disease among Indonesian pregnant women. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr. 2019;19:1-8. DOI: 10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.90.
19. Rikawarastuti R, Ngatemi N, Harahap NN. Periodontal disease on pregnant women (case study: Pondok Labu Village, South Jakarta, Indonesia). Int J Public Health Sci. 2016;5(2):170-5. DOI: 10.11591/ijphs.v5i2.4782.
20. Novita AA, Suprapto SI. Analisis faktor yang memengaruhi kualitas gingivitis pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Pujon Malang. JKM. 2022;7(4):1-5. DOI: 10.30651/jkm.v7i4.15202.
21. Andayani LH, Bungsu P, Prihartono N. Determinants for periodontal disease during pregnancy among Indonesian women: a cross-sectional study using National Riskesdas 2013 data. J Int Med Dent Res. 2019;12(1):337-343. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/79458676/57-MKQ001-Nurhayati-Prihartono-M.pdf
22. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.
23. Sunarto H, Sulijaya B, Santana K, Nasution NH, Masulili SL. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels in correlation to periodontal status in first trimester pregnancy. J Int Med Dent Res. 2016;9(3):207-10.
24. Hidayat NU, Yubiliana G, Suwargiani AA. The relationship between CPITN and stress level on pregnant women at Puskesmas Padasuka Bandung. J Dent Med Public Health. 2021;1(1):1-7. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/82002586/43.pdf
25. Setijanto RD, Bramantoro T, Ramadhani A, Setyaji AM, Rusyidina Z. Analysis of oral health knowledge improvement of pregnant mothers using oral health monitoring mobile application. J Int Oral Health. 2021;13(2):169-74. DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_234_18.
26. Imansyah NF, Hidayati S, Marjianto A. The correlation between gestational age and gingivitis status among pregnant women at Kras Community Health Center, Kediri Regency. Int J Adv Health Sci Technol. 2025;5(6):270-5. DOI: 10.35882/ijahst.v5i6.522.
27. Rohmah LZ, Sugito BH, Ulfah SF, Edi IS. Motivation for maintaining oral health and its association with gingivitis among pregnant women at Berbek Public Health Center. Int J Adv Health Sci Technol. 2025;5(6):250-6. DOI: 10.35882/ijahst.v5i6.509.
28. Rosanti ND, Perwitasari DR, Fa'ni RA. Correlation between history of birth control usage and incidence of gingivitis among pregnant women in Ambulu Public Health Center, Jember District: a cross-sectional study. J Kesehat Kesehat Indones. 2023;3(1):14-26. DOI: 10.58545/jkki.v3i1.101.
29. Azhria IN, Arina YM, Wahyukundari MA. Health status and periodontal care needs of pregnant women in the Puger Coastal Area of Jember. Interdental J Kedokt Gigi. 2024;20(2):176-83. DOI: 10.46862/interdental.v20i1.7123.
30. Pujiastuti P. Health profile of periodontal tissue of pregnant women in the agromedical dental community in Jember District. Pak J Med Dent. 2023;12(3):1-8. DOI: 10.36283/PJMD12-3/002.
31. Fuadiyah F, Prasetyowati S, Marjianto A. Relationship of pregnant women's knowledge of dental and oral health maintenance with gingivitis status. Int J Adv Health Sci Technol. 2024;4(4):1-7. DOI: 10.35882/ijahst.v4i4.391.
32. Firmansyah Y, Hidayati S, Ulfah SF. The effect of gargling with 10% concentration of green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) decoction on gingivitis in pregnant women. Indones J Dent Med. 2025;8(2):53-58. DOI: 10.20473/ijdm.v8i2.2025.53-58.
33. Ngadilah C, Obi AL, Nubatons MO. The relationship of pregnant women who consume betel nut to periodontal disease affecting pregnancy outcomes. J Ilm Permas. 2022;12(2):157-64. Available from: https://journal2.stikeskendal.ac.id/index.php/PSKM/article/download/124/94
34. Efiani M, Welliam D, Asmawati A, Hamsa SV. The relationship between dental and oral health knowledge and gingival status of pregnant women. J EduHealth. 2025;16(4):1675-81. Available from: https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/healt/article/view/7347
35. Sumerti NN, Sirat NI. Factors related to the occurrence of chronic periodontitis among pregnant women in public health centres at Tabanan Regency in 2018. Int J Adv Multidiscip Sci Community Res. 2019;7(3):1088-95. Available from: https://repository.poltekkes-denpasar.ac.id/id/eprint/3495
36. Moliner-Sánchez CA, Iranzo-Cortés JE, Almerich-Silla JM, Bellot-Arcís C, Ortolá-Siscar JC, Montiel-Company JM, et al. Effect of per capita income on the relationship between periodontal disease during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight newborn: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):1-20. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218015.
37. Varsha A, Garg A, Thakur R, Garg AG. Effects of pregnancy on oral health: a narrative review. Cureus. 2025;17(10):1-8. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.94929.
38. Conceição SD, Batista JE, Cruz SS, Gomes-Filho IS, Hintz AM, Coelho JM, et al. Systematic review to evaluate accuracy studies of the diagnostic criteria for periodontitis in pregnant women. PLoS One. 2024;19(7):1-17. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304758.
39. Heitz-Mayfield LJA. Conventional diagnostic criteria for periodontal diseases (plaque-induced gingivitis and periodontitis). Periodontol 2000. 2024;95:10-19. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12579.
40. Phoosuwan N, Bunnatee P, Lundberg PC. Oral health knowledge, literacy and behavior of pregnant women: a qualitative study in a northeastern province of Thailand. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1-8. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04414-3.
41. Ebinghaus M, Agricola CJ, Schmittinger J, Makarova N, Zyriax BC. Assessment of women's needs and wishes regarding interprofessional guidance on oral health in pregnancy: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24:1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06675-w.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Lia Hapsari Andayani, Iwany Amalliah Badruddin, Febriana Setiawati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned.
- Full texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge and used according to the license shown below.
