Metode Analisis dalam Mengungkap Komposisi Perisa Buah E-Liquid Rokok Elektrik: Sebuah Tinjauan

Aghnia Nabila; Mochammad  Yuwono; Mochammad Taha Ma'ruf; Shalsa Septia  Zulni

doi:10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.11099

Penulis

Aghnia Nabila Universitas Airlangga
Mochammad Yuwono Universitas Airlangga
Mochammad Taha Ma'ruf Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
Shalsa Septia Zulni Universitas Airlangga

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.11099

Kata Kunci:

Rokok elektrik, Cairan elektronik, Komposisi perisa, Kromatografi

Abstrak

Pemakaian rokok elektrik kini semakin meningkat, salah satunya disebabkan perisa e-liquid rasa buah-buahan. Senyawa kimia penyusun perisa tersebut berperan dalam memberikan karakteristik rasa, namun jika terhirup berpotensi memberikan efek negatif terhadap kesehatan. Pemahaman mengenai senyawa kimia apa saja yang terdapat pada perisa e-liquid sangat penting untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas rokok elektrik. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau metode analisis yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa literatur sebelumnya dalam mengidentifikasi senyawa perisa e-liquid. Literatur dikumpulkan melalui pencarian di database ilmiah terkemuka, termasuk ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, dan Google Scholar, dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan. Dari pencarian awal, ditemukan 35 artikel yang relevan, kemudian diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi, sehingga diperoleh 10 artikel untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut. Literatur yang dipilih yakni penelitian dengan fokus pada metode kromatrografi, khususnya Kromatografi Gas (GC) dan Kromatografi Cair (LC). Pengembangan lebih lanjut, seperti kombinasi GC dengan Spektrometri Massa (MS) dan Spektrometri Mobilitas Ion (IMS), serta LC dengan MS/MS dan Ionisasi Elektrospray (ESI), terbukti meningkatkan sensitivitas dan selektivitas analisis. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya memilih metode analisis yang tepat terhadap senyawa penyusun perisa buah. Hasil analisis juga membahas kelebihan dan tantangan yang ada, sehingga dapat memberikan panduan dalam memilih metode analisis yang tepat untuk mendorong pengembangan standar keamanan yang lebih baik.

Biografi Penulis

Aghnia Nabila, Universitas Airlangga

Sekolah Pascasarjana

Mochammad Yuwono, Universitas Airlangga

Fakultas Farmasi

Mochammad Taha Ma'ruf, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi

Shalsa Septia Zulni, Universitas Airlangga

Sekolah Pascasarjana

Referensi

Yoong SL, Hall A, Leonard A, et al. Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(9):e661-e673. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00106-7

Ceasar RC, Braymiller JL, Kechter A, et al. Perceiving E-Cigarettes as Safe and Safer Alternative to Cigarettes Among Young Adults. Substance Use & Addiction Journal. 2024;45(2):181-190. doi:10.1177/29767342231218533

Marques P, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respir Res. 2021;22(1). doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01737-5

Krüsemann EJZ, Van Tiel L, Pennings JLA, et al. Both Nonsmoking Youth and Smoking Adults like Sweet and Minty E-liquid Flavors More Than Tobacco Flavor. Chem Senses. 2021;46. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjab009

Landry RL, Groom AL, Vu THT, et al. The role of flavors in vaping initiation and satisfaction among U.S. adults. Addictive Behaviors. 2019;99. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106077

Ma S, Qiu Z, Yang Q, Bridges JFP, Chen J, Shang C. Expanding the E-Liquid Flavor Wheel: Classification of Emerging E-Liquid Flavors in Online Vape Shops. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21). doi:10.3390/ijerph192113953

Dagla I, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A. Two Fast GC-MS Methods for the Measurement of Nicotine, Propylene Glycol, Vegetable Glycol, Ethylmaltol, Diacetyl, and Acetylpropionyl in Refill Liquids for E-Cigarettes. Molecules. 2023;28(4). doi:10.3390/molecules28041902

Muthumalage T, Lamb T, Friedman MR, Rahman I. E-cigarette flavored pods induce inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and DNA damage in lung epithelial cells and monocytes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51643-6

Muthumalage T, Prinz M, Ansah KO, Gerloff J, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Inflammatory and oxidative responses induced by exposure to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquids without nicotine. Front Physiol. 2018;8(JAN). doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.01130

Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Prokopowicz A, et al. Cherry-flavoured electronic cigarettes expose users to the inhalation irritant, Benzaldehyde. Thorax. 2016;71(4):376-377. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207895

Holden LL, Truong L, Simonich MT, Tanguay RL. Assessing the hazard of E-Cigarette flavor mixtures using zebrafish. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020;136. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.110945

Lee WH, Ong SG, Zhou Y, et al. Modeling Cardiovascular Risks of E-Cigarettes With Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Endothelial Cells. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(21):2722-2737. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.476

Tavarez ZQ, Croft DP, Li D, et al. Fruit flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are associated with nocturnal dry cough: A population longitudinal analysis. PLoS One. 2024;19(6 June). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0306467

Strongin RM. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry E-Cigarette Chemistry and Analytical Detection. Published online 2024. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318

Famele M, Ferranti C, Abenavoli C, Palleschi L, Mancinelli R, Draisci R. The Chemical Components of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Fluids: Review of Analytical Methods. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2015;17(3):271-279. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu197

Deng H, Tang S, Yang F, et al. Recent advances in the analysis of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols: Sample preparation and chromatographic characterization. J Chromatogr A. 2023;1712. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464495

DeVito EE, Krishnan-Sarin S. E-cigarettes: Impact of E-Liquid Components and Device Characteristics on Nicotine Exposure. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15. doi:10.2174/1570159x15666171016164430

Eddingsaas N, Pagano T, Cummings C, Rahman I, Robinson R, Hensel E. Qualitative analysis of e-liquid emissions as a function of flavor additives using two aerosol capture methods. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2). doi:10.3390/ijerph15020323

Augustini ALRM, Sielemann S, Telgheder U. Strategy for the identification of flavor compounds in e-liquids by correlating the analysis of GCxIMS and GC-MS. Talanta. 2021;230. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122318

Abouassali O, Chang M, Chidipi B, et al. In vitro and in vivo cardiac toxicity of flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021;320(1):H133-H143. doi:10.1152/AJPHEART.00283.2020

Winters BR, Kochar TK, Clapp PW, Jaspers I, Madden MC. Impact of E-Cigarette Liquid Flavoring Agents on Activity of Microsomal Recombinant CYP2A6, the Primary Nicotine-Metabolizing Enzyme. Chem Res Toxicol. 2020;33(7):1689-1697. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00514

Haworth-Duff A, Parkes GMB, Reed NJ. Profiling flavourings in strawberry-flavoured e-liquid using headspace-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15(10):1077-1083. doi:10.1002/dta.3451

Aszyk J, Kubica P, Woźniak MK, Namieśnik J, Wasik A, Kot-Wasik A. Evaluation of flavour profiles in e-cigarette refill solutions using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2018;1547:86-98. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.009

Aszyk J, Woźniak MK, Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J, Wasik A. Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions. Part II: Gas-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2017;1517:156-164. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.057

Tierney PA, Karpinski CD, Brown JE, Luo W, Pankow JF. Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. Tob Control. 2016;25(E1):e10-e15. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175

Aszyk J, Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J, Wasik A. Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions. Part I: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2017;1519:45-54. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.056

Fürst P, Bernsmann T, Baumeister D. Optimization of GC-MS/MS for the Determination of Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food and Comparison of Results with GC-HRMS. Vol 49.; 2016. doi:10.1007/698_2016_460

Muthumalage T, Lamb T, Friedman MR, Rahman I. E-cigarette flavored pods induce inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and DNA damage in lung epithelial cells and monocytes. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51643-6

Lewis SW. Liquid and Thin-Layer Chromatography. Vol 3.; 2022. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823677-2.00053-2

Jaiswal AK, Millo T, Gupta M, Teotia AK, Tanwar TC, Gupta S. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and its forensic applications - A review. Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. 2008;25(2):19-31.

Chen X, Wang L. Analysis of the Application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol 769. ; 2021. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/769/3/032020

Ayala-Cabrera JF, Moyano E, Santos FJ. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of fluorotelomer olefins, fluorotelomer alcohols, perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and sulfonamido-ethanols in water. J Chromatogr A. 2020;1609. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460463

Rickard BP, Ho H, Tiley JB, Jaspers I, Brouwer KLR. E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Induce Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells. ACS Omega. 2021;6(10):6708-6713. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c05639

Durrani K, El Din SMA, Sun Y, Rule AM, Bressler J. Ethyl maltol enhances copper mediated cytotoxicity in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2021;410. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115354

Staal YC, Gremmer E, Duijm G, et al. In Vitro Assessment of Translocation and Toxicological Effects of Nicotine and Ethyl Maltol from e-Cigarettes Using Air-Liquid Interface-Cultured Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Appl In Vitro Toxicol. 2024;10(1):1-14. doi:10.1089/aivt.2023.0019

Erythropel HC, Jabba SV, Dewinter TM, et al. Formation of flavorant-propylene Glycol Adducts with Novel Toxicological Properties in Chemically Unstable E-Cigarette Liquids. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. 2019;21(9):1248-1258. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty192

Muthumalage T, Prinz M, Ansah KO, Gerloff J, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Inflammatory and oxidative responses induced by exposure to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquids without nicotine. Front Physiol. 2018;8(JAN). doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.01130

Kerber PJ, Peyton DH. Kinetics of Aldehyde Flavorant-Acetal Formation in E-Liquids with Different E-Cigarette Solvents and Common Additives Studied by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol. 2022;35(8):1410-1417. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00159

Lu X, Sun L, Xie Z, Li D. Perception of the Food and Drug Administration Electronic Cigarette Flavor Enforcement Policy on Twitter: Observational Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(3). doi:10.2196/25697

Havermans A, Krüsemann EJZ, Pennings J, De Graaf K, Boesveldt S, Talhout R. Nearly 20 000 e-liquids and 250 unique flavour descriptions: An overview of the Dutch market based on information from manufacturers. Tob Control. 2021;30(1):57-62. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055303

Lestari KS, Humairo MV, Agustina U. Formaldehyde Vapor Concentration in Electronic Cigarettes and Health Complaints of Electronic Cigarettes Smokers in Indonesia. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018. doi:10.1155/2018/9013430

Kowitt SD, Anshari D, Orlan EN, et al. Impact of an e-cigarette tax on cigarette and e-cigarette use in a middle-income country: A study from Indonesia using a pre-post design. BMJ Open. 2022;12(5). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055483