Integration of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Orthodontics: Legal and Ethical Aspects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46862/interdental.v22i1.9550Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), orthodontics, legal, ethical aspectAbstract
Introduction: Artificial Intelligence integration in orthodontics enhances diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and clinical efficiency. However, it presents legal and ethical challenges, such as liability, data privacy, and equitable access, necessitating the responsible adoption of AI in clinical practice. This literature review aims to explore the integration of AI technology in orthodontics, with a specific focus on the associated legal and ethical aspects.
Review: The review aims to identify the benefits of AI in enhancing orthodontic care, examine the potential legal liabilities and regulatory considerations related to its use, and analyse the ethical implications of AI in patient data management and treatment decision-making. By providing a comprehensive overview, this study intends to highlight the importance of establishing clear guidelines and standards to ensure the safe and ethical use of AI in orthodontics. This literature review synthesizes recent research on the implementation of AI technologies in orthodontics. Studies have demonstrated that AI can process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, thereby improving diagnostic precision and optimising treatment plans. Nonetheless, the rapid adoption of AI raises concerns about data privacy, legal liability, and equitable access to technology, which are crucial to address for the ethical integration of AI in healthcare.
Conclusion: AI integration in orthodontics offers benefits like improved diagnostics and personalized treatment plans, but requires careful legal and ethical considerations.
Downloads
References
1. Nia MF, Ahmadi M, Irankhah E. Transforming dental diagnostics with artificial intelligence: advanced integration of ChatGPT and large language models for patient care. Front Dent Med. 2025; 5(1): 1456208. Doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2024.1456208.
2. Wood NH. Artificial intelligence in dentistry. 2022; 77(4): 187.
3. Kim H. Deep learning in dental radiographic imaging. The Journal of The Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2024; 51(1): 1–10. Doi: 10.5933/JKAPD.2024.51.1.1
4. Mahdi SS, Battineni G, Khawaja M, Allana R, Siddiqui MK, Agha D. How does artificial intelligence impact digital healthcare initiatives? A review of AI applications in dental healthcare. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights 2023; 3(1): 100144. Doi: 10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100144.
5. Schwendicke F, Samek W, Krois J. Artificial intelligence in dentistry: chances and challenges. J Dent Res 2020; 99(7): 769–74. Doi: 10.1177/0022034520915714.
6. Chen YW, Stanley K, Att W. Artificial intelligence in dentistry: current applications and future perspectives. Quintessence Int. 2020; 51(3): 248–57. DOI: 10.3290/j.qi.a43952.
7. Kazimierczak N, Kazimierczak W, Serafin Z, Nowicki P, Nożewski J, Janiszewska-Olszowska J. AI in orthodontics: Revolutionizing diagnostics and treatment planning—A comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2024; 13(2): 344. Doi: 10.3390/jcm13020344.
8. Nguyen TT, Larrivée N, Lee A, Bilaniuk O, Durand R. Use of artificial intelligence in dentistry: current clinical trends and research advances. Journal (Canadian Dental Association). NLM (Medline) 2021; 87(1): l7.
9. Chau RCW, Thu KM, Hsung RTC, Lam WYH. Teeth Reconstruction Using Artificial Intelligence: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2023; 51(1): 2199910. Doi: 10.1080/19424396.2023.2199910
10. Singh N, Pandey A, Tikku AP, Verma P, Singh BP. Attitude, perception and barriers of dental professionals towards artificial intelligence. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13(5): 584–8. Doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.06.006
11. Glauner P, Plugmann P, Lerzynski G. Digitalization In Healthcare: Implementing Innovation And Artificial Intelligence. Springer International Publishing; 2021. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-65896-0
12. Heo MS, Kim JE, Hwang JJ, Han SS, Kim JS, Yi WJ, et al. Artificial Intelligence in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology: What is Currently Possible?. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 2020; 50(3): 20200375. Doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20200375
13. Ding H, Wu J, Zhao W, Matinlinna JP, Burrow MF, Tsoi JKH. Artificial intelligence in dentistry—A review. Frontiers in Dental Medicine 2023; 4(1): 1085251. Doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1085251
14. Mörch CM, Atsu S, Cai W, Li X, Madathil SA, Liu X, et al. Artificial intelligence and ethics in dentistry: A scoping review. J Dent Res. 202; 100(13): 1452–60. Doi: 10.1177/00220345211013808
15. De Angelis F, Pranno N, Franchina A, Di Carlo S, Brauner E, Ferri A, et al. artificial intelligence: a new diagnostic software in dentistry: A preliminary performance diagnostic study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19(3): 1728. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031728
16. Olawade DB, Leena N, Egbon E, Rai J, Mohammed APEK, Oladapo BI, et al. AI-driven advancements in orthodontics for precision and patient outcomes. Dentistry Journal 2025; 13(5): 198. Doi:10.3390/dj13050198
17. Fauziah YA, Alhadad H, Utama YP. Etika dan tantangan penggunaan kecerdasan buatan dalam kedokteran gigi. Jurnal Hukum dan etika kesehatan 2024; 4(2): 1-14. doi: 10.30649/jhek.v4i2.200
18. Sari AP, Harwika DM. Legal liability of artificial intelligence in perspective of civil law in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 2022; 5(2): 57-60. Doi: 10.47814/ijssrr.v5i2.191
19. Vania C, Markoni M, Saragih H, Widarto J. Tinjauan yuridis terhadap perlindungan data pribadi dari aspek pengamanan data dan keamanan siber. Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 2023; 2(3): 654-666. Doi: 10.58344/jmi.v2i3.157
20. Abdul Hakim H, Bagus Edhita Praja C. AI in law: Urgency of the implementation of artificial intelligence on law enforcement in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Novelty 2023; 14(1): 122–34. Doi: 10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25943.
21. Jenie I, Lestari YA. Philosophical basis of informed consent, informed refusal and documentation of medical information into medical record. Jurnal Media Hukum 2019; 26(1): 60-70. Doi: 10.18196/jmh.20190123
22. Favaretto M, Shaw D, De Clercq E, Joda T, Elger BS. Big data and digitalization in dentistry: A systematic review of the ethical issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7): 2495.. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072495.
23. Tugce Gokdeniz S, Buyuksungur A, Kolsuz ME. Artificial intelligence in dentistry in Human Teeth- From Function to Esthetic. IntechOpen; 2023. Doi: 10.5772/intechopen.111532
24. Moran MBH, Faria MDB, Bastos LF, Giraldi GA, Conci A. Combining Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Dental Image Analysis: Trends, Challenges, and Applications. In book: Trends and Advancements of Image Processing and Its Applications. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing; 2022. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-75945-2_4
25. Bonicalzi S, De Caro M, Giovanola B. Artificial intelligence and autonomy: on the ethical dimension of recommender systems. Topoi 2023; 42(3): 1-14. Doi: 10.1007/s11245-023-09922-5
26. Villalba Gomez, Andrés J. Emerging bioethic problems with artificial intelligence. Perspect Psicol. 2016;12(1). Available from: https://bibliotecadigital.oducal.com/Record/ir-11634-6963
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Yessy Andriani Fauziah, Ida Bagus Narmada, Edwin R Siswantoro, Ryan Raditya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned.
- Full texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge and used according to the license shown below.




