Determination of MIC and MBC of Peperomia pellucida Extract Against Aggregatibacter actinomy-cetemcomitans Using Serial Dilution and Colony Count Assay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46862/interdental.v22i1.12376Keywords:
antibacterial, antibacterial effects, periodontitis, extraction methodsAbstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious disease that damages periodontal tissues and may lead to tooth loss. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is one of the main pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins with antibacterial potential. This study evaluated its effectiveness against A. actinomycetemcomitans and determined its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC).
Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study used a post-test-only control group design. Antibacterial testing was performed using the serial dilution method in eight groups: extract concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, 0.2% chlorhexidine as the positive control, and distilled water as the negative control. MIC was assessed by bacterial growth on Mueller–Hinton Agar, while MBC was determined by colony counts (CFU/mL). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.
Results: Peperomia pellucida extract showed antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. MIC was achieved at 6.25% concentration with 92.5% inhibition, while MBC was achieved at 12.5% concentration with 100% bactericidal effect.
Conclusion: Peperomia pellucida extract effectively inhibited and killed A. actinomycetemcomitans, with greater antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.
Downloads
References
1. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Laporan riskesdas 2018 nasional. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (LPB); 2018. 179–219 p.
2. Dubey P, Mittal N. Periodontal diseases- a brief review. Int J Oral Health Dent. 2020; 6(3): 177–87. Doi: 10.18231/j.ijohd.2020.038
3. Kwon TH, Lamster IB, Levin L. Current concepts in the management of periodontitis. Int Dent J. 2021; 71(6): 462–76. Doi: 10.1111/idj.12630
4. Abdulkareem AA, Al-Taweel FB, Al-Sharqi AJB, Gul SS, Sha A, Chapple ILC. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis. J Oral Microbiol. 2023; 15(1): 2197779. Doi: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2197779
5. Bezerra B, Monajemzadeh S, Silva D, Pirih FQ. Modulating the immune response in periodontitis. Front Dent Med. 2022; 3: 879131. Doi:10.3389/fdmed.2022.879131
6. Åberg CH, Kelk P, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence 2015; 6(2): 188–95. Doi: 10.4161/21505594.2014.982428
7. Hilmi Mubarok MochI, Rudhanton R, Diah D, Septina f. Ekstrak teh putih sebagai penghambat biofilm Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (in vitro). E-Prodenta J Dent. 2022; 6(1): 534–9. Doi: 10.21776/ub.eprodenta.2022.006.01.1
8. Herrero ER. Dysbiotic biofilms deregulate the periodontal inflammatory response. J Dent Res. 2018; 97: 547–55. Doi: 10.1177/0022034517752675
9. Velsko IM, Fellows Yates JA, Aron F, Hagan RW, Frantz LAF, Loe L, et al. Microbial differences between dental plaque and historic dental calculus are related to oral biofilm maturation stage. Microbiome 2019; 7(1): 102. Doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0717-3
10. Frédéric LJ, Michel B, Selena T. Oral microbes, biofilms and their role in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Materials 2018; 11(10): 1082. Doi: 10.3390/ma11101802
11. Alibasyah ZM, Ningsih DS, Sinda MP. Antibacterial activity of 70% ethanol extract of leaf biduri (calotropis gigantea) against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29523. Cakradonya Dent J. 2023; 12(1): 56–63. Doi: 10.24815/cdj.v12i1.17076
12. Nasution DLI, Tjahajawati S, Indriyanti R, Amaliya A, Fadilah RPN, Mutiara R. Antibacterial test of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract against Porphyromonas Gingivalis as a potential herb for periodontitis: a laboratory experiment. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2023; 35(3): 181. Doi: 10.24198/pjd.vol35no3.47856
13. Putranto RA. Peran irigasi klorheksidin pada perawatan penyakit periodontal. Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Terpadu 2019; 1: 35–9. Doi: 10.25105/jkgt.v1i1.5155
14. HR R, Dhamecha D, Jagwani S, Rao M, Jadhav K, Shaikh S, et al. Local drug delivery systems in the management of periodontitis: a scientific review. J Control Release 2019; 307: 393–409. Doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.038
15. Hammami C, Nasri W. Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Dent. 2021; 2021: 6846074. Doi: 10.1155/2021/6846074
16. Syahrul D, Walianto S, Suwongto PS. The use of chlorhexidine mouthwash can reduce the accumulation of dental plaque in users of fixed orthodontic devices. Interdental J Ked Gigi 2023; 19(1): 43–8. Doi:10.46862/interdental.v19i1.6095
17. Jain N, Jain GK, Javed S, Iqbal Z, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, et al. Recent approaches for the treatment of periodontitis. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13(21): 932–43. Doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2008.09.006
18. Asiyah IJ, Wulandari D. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun suruhan (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 2019;16(2):98–105. Doi: 1974-1-10-20200114
19. Okoh SO, Iweriebor BC, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Bioactive constituents, radical scavenging, and antibacterial properties of the leaves and stem essential oils from Peperomia pellucida (L.) kunth. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017; 13(51): 392–400. Doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_106_17
20. Kartika IGAA, Sinarsih NK, Nayaka NMDMW. Anti-inflammatory activities of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth: a review. J Pharm Sci Appl 2022; 4(1): 39–45. Doi:10.24843/JPSA.2022.v04.i01.p06
21. Lee S. W, Wendy W, Julius Y.F S, Desy F. S. Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract. Acta Med Iran 2011; 49(10): 670–4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22071643/
22. Nasution DLI, Tjahajawati S, Indriyanti R, Amaliya. Anti-inflammatory effectiveness of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in rats induced with periodontitis. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2024; 40: 101856. Doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101856
23. Ng ZX, Than MJY, Yong PH. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbal tea: effect of fermentation and drying methods on the consumer acceptance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Chem. 2021; 344: 128738. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128738
24. Fitriana YAN, Fatimah VAN, Fitri AS. Aktivitas anti bakteri daun sirih: uji ekstrak KHM (kadar hambat minimum) dan KBM (kadar bakterisidal minimum). Sainteks. 2020; 16(2): 101-108. Doi: 10.30595/sainteks.v16i2.7126
25. Lidya D, Nasution I, Tjahajawati S, Indriyanti R, Amaliya A, Sudikno H. Effectiveness of pepper elder extract (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria (laboratory study for adjunctive therapy of periodontitis). J Int Dent Med Res. 2024; 17(2): 1–7.
26. Löhr G, Beikler T, Hensel A. Inhibition of in vitro adhesion and virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis by aqueous extract and polysaccharides from Rhododendron ferrugineum L. A new way for prophylaxis of periodontitis? Fitoterapia 2015; 107: 105–13. Doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.010
27. Weinstein MP, LewisJS. The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing: background, organization, functions, and processes. J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58(3): e01864 - 19. Doi: 10.1128/JCM.01864-19.
28. Duque C, Souza ACA, Aida KL, Pereira JA, Caiaffa KS, Dos Santos VR, et al. Synergistic antimicrobial potential of EGCG and fosfomycin against biofilms associated with endodontic infections. J App Oral Sci. 2023; 31. Doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0282
29. Kakad A V., D. Laddha U, Kshirsagar SJ, Khairnar SJ. Traditional Herbal Remedies for Periodontitis. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2020; 19(4): 1079–91. Doi: 10.13005/bbra/3057
30. Eid Abdelmagyd HA, Shetty DS, Al-Ahmari DM. Herbal medicine as adjunct in periodontal therapies: a review of clinical trials in past decade. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019; 9(3): 212–7. Doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.05.001
31. Kumar G, Jalaluddin M, Rout P, Mohanty R, Dileep CL. Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013; 7(8): 1827–9. Doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6339.3282
32. Natarajan M, Mathew A, Abuhijleh E, Jaber AA, Ansari A Al, Babu NA. Role of Herbal Medicine in Periodontics- A Review. Sys Rev Pharm 2021; 12(1): 1611–3.
33. Bubonja-Šonje M, Knežević S, Abram M. Challenges to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020; 71(4): 300–11. Doi:10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3396
34. Sofidiana LL, Sulistyani E, Lestari PE. Daya hambat kombinasi ekstrak pegagan (Centella asiatica,L.) dan peppermint terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans. e-Journal Pustaka Kesehatan 2022; 10: 199. Doi: 10.19184/pk.v10i3.25232
35. Primasari VS, Fidyawati D, Ramadhani IN. Antibacterial comparison between Manuka honey and Tualang honey against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Interdental J Ked Gigi 2023; 19(2): 187–94. Doi:10.46862/interdental.v19i2.6720
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Lidya Ichwana Nasution, Sri Tjahajawati, Ratna Indriyanti, Amaliya Amaliya, Muhammad Ammar Permadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
- Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned.
- Full texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge and used according to the license shown below.
