Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)

Effectiveness Extract Gel of Kemangi Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) To The Level of Fibroblast For Incision Wound Healing of Wistar RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

Hendri Poernomo, Setiawan, Yuni Darma Dewi — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Wound healing using herbal plants is considered safer than chemical drugs. One of the plants that can be used for wound healing is basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of administering basil leaf extract gel on the number of fibroblast cells in the healing process of incision wounds in Wistar rats.

Research method: This study used an experimental post-test only control group design using 24 male Wistar rats. The research sample was divided into four groups, namely the negative control group (CMC-Na gel), the group given basil leaf extract gel with concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90%. In vivo testing was carried out by making an incision wound with a length of 20mm and a subcutaneous depth on the back of the rat. The extract was given twice a day for one week, then decapitation was carried out on the 8th day.

Research results: Basil extract gel with concentrations of 70%, 80%, and 90% was effective in healing incision wounds. One Way Anova test showed significant differences between the four groups (ρ<0.05).

Conclusion: Basil leaf extract gel with a concentration of 80% is more effective in accelerating wound healing

Inhibitory Power of Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa oleifera L.) Concentration of 50%, 75% And 100% On Mix Bacterial Growth of Root Canal

Putu Rusmiany, Ilma Yudistian, Benedictya Victoria Soyweru Philippus — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Necrotic teeth can be maintained with root canal treatment, through three critical stages, namely preparation, sterilization, and filling. Sterilization is one of the critical stages that must be carried out during treatment, and it aims to eliminate as many pathogenic microorganisms as possible through irrigation and medicine. In recent times, there have been many studies on the use of traditional medicine from herbal ingredients as a substitute for chemical drugs. This study aims to determine the inhibitory power produced by moringa leaf extract against mixed bacteria in the root canal.

Materials and methods: This study is a laboratory study with a Post Test Control Group Design. The sample groups used were mixed bacteria in the root canal which were divided into 5 groups, namely the group with moringa leaf extract treatment with concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%, the treatment group given ChKM as a positive control, and the group treated with distilled water as a negative control, with each repetition 5 times. Moringa leaf extraction was carried out using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Inhibition zone testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer method.

Results: The inhibitory power produced at a concentration of 50% was obtained on an average of 10.73mm, a concentration of 75% was obtained on an average of 14.24mm, and a concentration of 100% was obtained on an average of 16.48mm.

Conclusion: Moringa oleifera L. leaf extract at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% can inhibit the growth of mixed bacteria in the root canal, with the most effective concentration at 100% Moringa oleifera L. leaf extract.

Effectiveness Test of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara Zapota L.) Concentration 75% and 85% as Root Canal Irrigation Material in Inhibiting The Growth of Bacteria Enterococcus Faecalis

Maya Sari Dewi, I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Tista, Ni Komang Santhi Hari Pertiwi — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Root canal irrigation is an important step in supporting the success of root canal treatment. The most resistant microorganism and often found in case after root canal treatment is Enterococcus faecalis. Sapodilla leaf contain a secondary metabolites of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenol, alkaloids and steroids which act as antibacterial. Natrium hipoklorit with a concentration of 2,5% is used for effective root canal irrigation solution. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory power present in sapodilla leaf seeds against Enterococcus faecalis.

Material and Methods: This research is a experimental laboratory with Post Test Control Group Design. The sample used was a bacterial Enterococcus faecalis which was divided into 4 groups, namely the group treated with sapodilla leaf with concentrations of 75% and 85%, the group treated with NaOCl 2,5% as a positive control, and the group treated with aquadest as negative control, with 6 repetitions each. Sapodilla leaf extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent.

Results and Discussions: Inhibition zone test was carried out using the Kirby Bauer method. Using aquadest as negative control and natrium hipochloride as positive control so the inhibition power produced at 75% extract concentration was 11,09 mm and at 85% concentration was 13,28 mm,which is the positive control as higher category.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that the inhibitory power of sapodilla leaf extract (Manilkara Zapota L) with the most effective concentration in the treatment group containing sapodilla leaf with a concentration of 85%.

Fingerroot (Boesenbergia pandurate roxb.) Extract Gel Increasing Fgf-2 Expression and Accelerating The Healing Process in Oral Mucosal Ulcers of Wistar Rats

Ida Ayu Draupadi Darmadewi Agung, Susy Purnawati, I Made Krisna Dinata — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: The human oral cavity plays an important role in daily activities such as eating and speaking. The occurrence of oral problems such as oral ulcers known as canker sores will make it difficult to speak, chew food and discomfort when swallowing which will be felt in the inflammatory phase. The purpose of this study was to prove that the administration of fingerroot extract gel (Boesenbergia pandurata Roxb.) 10% can increase FGF-2 expression and can reduce the diameter of ulcers in the healing process of oral mucosal ulcers of Wistar rats.

Material and Methods: Fingerroot extract gel 10% was obtained by macerating the base material, then evaporated with a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick temu kunci extract and then mixed with the gel base material (CMC-Na). A total of 30 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were made ulcers on the labial mucosa and the control group was given 3% CMC-Na, the positive control group was given triamcinolone acetonide gel, and the treatment group was given 10% fingerroot extract gel. Ulcer diameter was measured on the 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 8^th day. On the 8th day, the animals were killed and the labial mucosa was taken, then the tissue was processed into preparations to calculate the amount of FGF-2 expression.

Result and Discussion: After topical application of 10% fingerroot extract on traumatic ulcers on the oral mucosa of rats, there was an increase and shrinkage of ulcer diameter which showed significant differences with p <0.05.

Conclusion: There was an increase in FGF-2 expression and reduced ulcer diameter in Wistar rats after application of 10% temu kunci extract gel.

The Effect of Xylitol Chewing Gum on The Growth of Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria Colonial Growth in Saliva

Ni Nyoman Gemini Sari, Ni Putu Widani Astuti, Ni Komang Alisya — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: The unkempt state of the mouth and teeth can lead to the development of bacteria that cause problems in the oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans, an acid-producing bacterium, can cause caries whose numbers can be reduced by chewing Xylitol gum. Xylitol is a non-acidogenic and non-cariogenic natural sweetener that can stimulate salivary flow and increase the pH value of saliva. These bacteria cannot ferment Xylitol so acid is not produced and salivary pH does not decrease.

Materials and Methods: The tools and materials used in this study were Xylitol fresh mint gum, diagnostic tools, laboratory tools, Streptococcus mutans bacteria, saliva before and after treatment. The research method used was descriptive pseudo-experimental with One Group Pre-test and Post-test design.

Results and Discussion: The results of the study were analyzed with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The group between before and after treatment showed a difference in the number of bacterial colonies of 0.000, so there was a significant difference in the number of colonies in this study, with an average colony of Streptococcus mutans before treatment of 99.87 CPU/ml. While for Streptococcus mutans colonies after treatment amounted to 36.75 CPU/ml.

Conclusion: From the results of the study, it can be concluded that Xylitol gum has an effect on the growth of the number of colonies of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in saliva.

A Community-Based Approach to Self-Prevention Practices for Periodontal Disease Among Housewives in Derawan Island

Yudha Rahina, Cicih Bhakti Purnamasari; Nisa Muthiah — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: The prevalence of periodontal disease remains high in Indonesia. Lack of knowledge and limited access to healthcare services can lead to poor dental health status. The aim of this study is to enhance housewives' knowledge of self-prevention practices for periodontal disease on Derawan Island.

Material and Methods: This study utilized a true experiment with a Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design involving 42 housewives. The intervention included knowledge enhancement using a module book and periodontal health education. Knowledge of periodontal health was assessed using questionnaires, while behavior in periodontal disease prevention was evaluated using the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHIS). The collected data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's rank correlation test.

Results and Discussions: The majority of respondents had good knowledge (85,72%), while their oral hygiene was in the moderate category (54,55%). An increase in knowledge was observed in 19,05% of respondents. There was a significant difference in knowledge before and after the intervention (P<0,05). However, no significant correlation was found between knowledge and OHIS (P>0,05)

Conclusion: Knowledge of periodontal disease prevention among housewives on Derawan Island has increased. Good knowledge among most housewives can serve as a foundation for independent periodontal disease prevention behaviors. This study is still ongoing to observe changes in self-prevention behavior.

Legal Protection Of Patients Regarding Healthcare Services at Unaccredited Private Dental Practices

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Accreditation of independent dental practices has become an important issue in dental health to ensure standards of quality and patient safety. Quality services, according to WHO dimensions (2018), require efforts for improvement both internally and externally, including accreditation every five years. The high incidence of patient safety events in various countries highlights the need for better protection. Accreditation is also implemented in other countries, such as Australia and Singapore, with significant support from local governments.

Methods: This study employs a descriptive legal analysis method to outline criminal responsibilities. Data were collected through documentation of laws and relevant regulations. The analysis used a qualitative approach, linking the data to applicable legal provisions. Conclusions were drawn deductively to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the issues.

Discussion: Patient safety has increasingly become a primary focus in managing healthcare facilities, especially due to the growing global attention to this issue. Data indicate that independent dental practices (TPMDG) can be high-risk facilities impacting patient safety. WHO (2009) identified four factors contributing to patient safety incidents: organizational, teamwork, environmental, and individual factors. Among these, organizational and teamwork factors significantly contribute to patient safety issues, including safety culture, leadership, and communication.

Conclusion: Accreditation of independent dental practice locations is crucial to ensure the quality and safety of healthcare services through the implementation of strict standards and external oversight. Legal protection for patients receiving services at non-accredited practices can be achieved through several means in accordance with the applicable legislation in Indonesia.

Differences in The Effectiveness of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon) and Apple Cider Vinegar (Malus pumila Mill) in Whitening Tooth Enamel

Rina Permatasari, Carenina Claudia — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Background: The stability of tooth enamel colour can be affected by foods and beverages due to its fluid absorption properties. Dental bleaching could fix it, but chemical teeth whitening agents have irritating and sensitive effects, therefore, it’s needed to find alternatives for natural teeth whitening ingredients that are safer and affordable. Lemon juice (Citrus limon) and apple cider vinegar (Malus pumila Mill) contain malic acid, which are natural teeth whitening agents. To prove the effect of lemon juice and apple cider vinegar in changing the colour of tooth enamel.

Methods: Thirty samples of permanent canine teeth, randomly divided into 3 groups, soaked for 5 days in lemon juice (n=10), apple cider vinegar (n=10), and distilled water (n=10). Measurements were taken using VITA Easyshade V to see the lightness value.

Results:The lightness value of lemon juice has the highest significance (p=0,003) among all treatment groups.

Conclusion: Lemon juice showed a better number of lightness which means it has better efficiency on teeth whitening rather than apple cider vinegar.

Knowledge of The Elderly Group of The Wreda Sejahtera Bali Foundation in Maintaining Dental and Oral Health

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Tooth loss conditions are one of the health problems in the oral cavity that can cause discomfort for sufferers because it interferes with daily activities, such as speaking, chewing, socializing, and self-confidence. Riskesdas in 2018, indicates that 58.7% of the Indonesian population aged 65 and above experience dental and oral problems, such as cavities, missing teeth due to extraction or spontaneous loss, filled teeth due to cavities, and loose teeth. To prevent dental diseases, especially in the elderly, one of the things that can be done is to provide oral health education to the elderly. Counseling activities play a crucial role in the prevention of dental and oral diseases.

Methods: Observational study using a descriptive, cross-sectional design, both exposure and outcomes are measured simultaneously. The research method used is a lecture method for 35 minutes, followed by a demonstration on how to brush teeth and use dental floss for 10 minutes, and then concluded with a discussion session with the participants. The respondents are 28 individuals aged 55 years and above at the Wreda Sejahtera Foundation in Bali.

Results and Discussion: Based on the distributed questionnaire, it was found that an average of 90.3% of the elderly answered the knowledge questions correctly. This result indicates that the participants were enthusiastic and paid close attention to the counseling material.

Conclusion: The counseling activities carried out at the Wreda Sejahtera Bali Foundation were welcomed by the participants with enthusiasm in listening to the material and making the most of the question and answer session. This activity also has a positive impact on the elderly.

Antibacterial Effects of Tobacco Leaf Extract (Nicotiana tabacum) on Fusobacterium nucleatum (in vitro Study)

Michelle Wilsan, Wiena Widyastuti, Dewa Made Wedagama — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Deep caries can involve the pulp tissue, necessitating pulp capping treatment. Fusobacterium nucleatum is frequently found in deep caries. One of the essential requirements for pulp capping materials is antibacterial properties. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a commonly used pulp capping material due to its favorable characteristics, such as antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and more. However, MTA has several drawbacks, including a long setting time, difficult manipulation, risk of staining and discoloration, and high cost. Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract has the potential to serve as an herbal alternative for pulp capping materials, as it is known to possess antibacterial properties derived from its secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effects of Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract on Fusobacterium nucleatum. Materials and Methods: An in vitro experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design was conducted. The antibacterial test used the 96-well microdilution and plate count methods to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). There were nine test groups, consisting of Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract at 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of 1000 µg/µL (31.25 µg/µL, 62.5 µg/µL, 125 µg/µL, 250 µg/µL, and 500 µg/µL), sterile aquadest (negative control), MTA (positive control), and internal controls (Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract and sterile aquadest).

Results: The number of bacterial colonies significantly decreased as the extract concentration increased. Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract showed MIC values at 12.5% (125 µg/µL) and MBC values at 25% (250 µg/µL). The antibacterial activity of Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract is attributed to its secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids, which disrupt bacterial structures and functions.

Conclusion: Nicotiana tabacum leaf extract has antibacterial effects (bacteriostatic and bactericidal) on Fusobacterium nucleatum.

The Effect of Durian Seed Flour (Durio zibethinus Murr.) addition on Dimensional Stability of Alginate Impression Results

Shobah, Aria Fransiska, Didin Kustantiningtyastuti — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Alginate is the most commonly used impression material in dentistry. Alginate impression materials have less dimensional stability if not immediately filled with gypsum. Durian seed flour has the potential to be mixed with alginate because it contains amylose and amylopectin, which play a role in mechanisms of syneresis and imbibition that can affect the dimensional stability of alginate. This research aimed to determine the effect of adding durian seed flour at concentrations of 20% and 40% on the dimensional stability of alginate impressions.

Material and Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research with a pre-and post-test control group design. The total sample was 30. The samples were type III gypsum models made from pure alginate and alginate mixed with durian seed flour, measured at filling times of 0 minutes and 30 minutes. The research data consists of the difference between measurement results of gypsum models at 0 minutes and 30 minutes, which were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD tests.

Results and Discussions: The percentage value of dimensional change of all sample groups showed a value below the standard limit of ANSI/ADA Specification No.18, which is 0.5%. One-way ANOVA test showed significant differences (p<0.05). Post Hoc LSD test indicated significant differences between all sample groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Adding durian seed flour affects the dimensional stability of alginate impressions. Alginate with 40% durian seed flour maintains the dimensional stability of alginate better than pure alginate and alginate with 20% durian seed flour.

Treatment of Burning Mouth Syndrome Accompanied With Xerostomia and Dysgeusia in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Raziv Ganesha, Ni Nyoman Gemini Sari, I Nyoman Gede Juwita Putra — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome is pain in the oral mucosa with or without signs of or without specific signs of lesions. The manifestations of Diabetes in the oral cavity are xerostomia, dysgeusia and burning mouth syndrome. Purpose of this case report is to describe the management of Burning mouth syndrome cases accompanied by Xerostomia and Dysgeusia in patients with Diabetes.

Case: A 65-year-old woman presented with complaints of pain felt was a burning sensation on the tongue. patient felt the burning pain during a day but also at night for the past 2 weeks.

Case Treatment: The diagnosis in this case is Burning mouth syndrome accompanied by Xerostomia due to Diabetes. Patient was given oxyfresh® for 3x 10 ml and Becomzet® 1x1. The patient had DL, GDP (110), GD2PP (145), HbA1C (7.2), SGOT (27), and SGPT (29) and Sialometry (0.3ml). Patient accepted the treatment and followed the instructions given. Patient was healed on the third visit.

Discussions: Burning mouth syndrome is a burning and uncomfortable or stinging feeling with a normal clinical feature. Xerostomia and Dysgeusia are often concurrent symptoms so it is called the triad symptom of burning mouth syndrome. Treatment with oxyfresh® which contains xylitol as an antimicrobial that reduces the risk of caries, zinc acetate which is effective in maintaining oral moisture and aloe is useful for reducing irritation, pain and inflammation so as to reduce pain in burning mouth syndrome.

Conclusion: Treatment in this case was successful with good cooperation from the patient to accelerate healing.

Prevalence of Patients With Traumatic Ulcer at RSGM Saraswati Denpasar in 2023

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: One of the most common soft tissue diseases of the oral cavity is traumatic ulcer. Traumatic ulcer is an ulceration that can occur due to damage to the epithelial tissue of the oral cavity. Locations prone to traumatic ulcers are the mucosal areas of the lips, buccal, and tongue. Traumatic ulcers can occur due to mechanical, chemical, or thermal trauma

Material and Methods: This study uses a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional approach, and the population used were patients who visited RSGM Saraswati Denpasar in 2023.

Results and Discussions:. There were 3,874 patients who visited RSGM Saraswati Denpasar in 2023 and 76 patients were found to have traumatic ulcers, resulting in a prevalence of 1.98%. Traumatic ulcers are more common at the age of 20-29 years, 57.89% and more common in women, 65.79%.

Conclusion: From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the age group that more often experiences traumatic ulcers is 20-29 years old, and in the female gender.

Frenectomy One Hemostat Technique in Patients Using Orthodontic Appliances

Ida Bagus Nyoman Dhedy Widyabawa, Anak Agung Istri Agung Feranasari — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Aberrant frenum in patients with orthodontic appliances installation often causes aesthetic problems and interferes with the movement of teeth during orthodontic activation, especially in cases of midline diastema which often causes relapse of the teeth. Frenectomy one hemostat technique treatment is carried out in this case.

Case: A 23-years-old female patient came to the periodontology department of RSGM Saraswati and was referred from the orthodontics department for frenectomy. On examination, it was found that the patient had a high frenum and fibrous tissue in the maxillary anterior midline.

Case Management: Asepsis and local anesthesia in the mucobuccal folds of the central and palatal incisors. The fibrous tissue was cut with scissors from the anterior to the palatal midline. Blunt dissection is performed to remove fibrous attachments. The frenum is clamped using the one hemostat technique. Incision of tissue with tissue scissors at the top and bottom of the hemostat. The detached tissue in the form of a triangle is discarded. The edges of the diamond shape wound were sutured with interrupted technique using 4-0 nylon thread. Periodontal dressing placement.

Discussion: One week post frenectomy showed the presence of redness and slight oedematus on the mucobuccal fold regio 11 21. At 1 month of follow-up, the healing was found with no tension at the frenum area and fibrous tissue is lost.

Conclusion: Frenectomy one hemostat technique can correct a high frenum and can help the success of orthodontic treatment.

Maxillofacial Injuries Due to Firearms (Ballistics)

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Maxillofacial injuries caused by firearms can vary in severity and tissue damage, with the severity determined by the characteristics and nature of the bullet and the anatomical structures involved. The extent of tissue damage is also influenced by the distance from the shot. Injuries from low-velocity firearms result in less extensive damage compared to those caused by high-velocity firearms, where tissue damage may involve extensive hard and soft tissues, marked by a zone surrounding the damaged tissue vulnerable to progressive necrosis due to disrupted blood supply and wound sepsis.

Review: For a physician, basic knowledge about firearms, ammunition composition, and the mechanism of firearm discharge is essential for proper understanding and interpretation of the resultant injuries or trauma. Firearms can be grouped based on barrel length, such as short-barreled firearms like revolvers and pistols, and long-barreled firearms like shotguns and rifles. Firearms can also be categorized based on their rifling, with rifled and non-rifled barrel firearms. Furthermore, firearms can be classified based on their bullet velocity, categorized as low-velocity firearms and high-velocity firearms.

Conclusion: Maxillofacial injuries can vary in severity and tissue damage caused by firearms. Injuries caused by high-velocity firearms exhibit a greater degree of severity and tissue damage compared to those caused by low-velocity firearms. Infection prevention should involve early administration of penicillin antibiotics and early wound control by sealing the mucosa with waterproof materials.

Examination and Treatment Plan for Comprehensive Patient: Case Report

Azka Rajarizqi Gunawan, Dian Yosi Arinawati — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: The basis of diagnosis is history and examination. The process of diagnosis begins with the collection of patient information and data. An accurate diagnosis can determine an appropriate treatment plan. The purpose of this case report is to describe the treatment plan and the course of treatment in a comprehensive patient case.
Case: A 45-year-old male patient complained of pain in the lower back right tooth when chewing. The complaint has been felt since 2 days ago with a pain scale of 6. The tooth previously had a large cavity and gradually decayed on its own. Previously there was no spontaneous pain or swollen gums. The pain is aggravated when chewing food and nothing alleviates the condition. A dentist had never seen the complaint. The patient's dental condition has root residues on teeth 18, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 38, and 44, pulp necrosis on teeth 12 and 48,

dentin caries on teeth 11 and 23, enamel caries on teeth 17, 16, 27, 34, and 35. There are missing teeth 37, 46, and 47. The Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) has a score of 6.3, and the Plaque Index (PI) has a score of 53.5%.

Case Treatment: This patient received Dental Health Education (DHE), medication and extraction of tooth 48, scaling and root planning, dental restoration for tooth 11, and control with evaluation.

Results: Treatment was carried out over several appointments, starting with extraction of tooth 48 using inferior alveolaris nerve block technique, scaling and root planning and tooth 11 restoration with class IV GV black using composite at the last visit.

Conclusion: The treatment plan was organized and sequenced based on the urgency and chief complaint of the patient. Communication between dentist and patient is necessary to build a good relationship in the long treatment process.

Clinical Findings of the Oral Cavity in Outpatient Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at RSUD Kota Tangerang

Sarah Mersil, Fitri Zakiyah, Rani Handayani — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the 9th world’s deadliest chronic infectious diseases caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and predominantly affects the lungs. TB could also occur in other sites of the body, such as the oral cavity. The oral manifestation incidence of TB is approximately 0,1%–0,5%. Despite being a rare occurrence, oral TB remains a challenging issue because of its nonspecific clinical presentation. This study aims to determine the clinical findings of the oral cavity in outpatient’s pulmonary TB at RSUD Tangerang city.

Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive analysis with a cross-sectional study design. The data was collected with a total sample was 50 medical record’s of outpatient’s pulmonary TB at RSUD Tangerang City, both male and female, aged >18 years, who were visiting pulmonary unit, then were consulted to the oral medicine unit. We collected data about sociodemographic, TB diagnosis, and oral diagnosis

Results and Discussions : The results showed that 18 sample had a very low DMF-T category (>5). The clinical findings of the oral cavity statistically showed that the third incidence highest percentage was chronic gingivitis (31,7%), coated tongue (17,6%), and atrophy glossitis (7,7%).

Conclusion: The results suggest that outpatient’s with pulmonary TB have oral lesions with a varied clinical manifestations and very low caries experience.

Comparison of Alveolar Bone Loss in First Molars Based on Age and Sex: Study on Panoramic Radiographs

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Alveolar bone loss (ABL) is a condition of osseous defect caused by periodontal disease or trauma from occlusion, cumulatively leading to weakening of the tooth-supporting structures and affecting tooth mobility. The first molars are among the most vulnerable teeth to ABL. Radiographically, alveolar bone loss occurs when the distance between the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar crest is more than 2 mm. This study aims to determine the differences in ABL between the first maxillary and mandibular molars on panoramic radiographs among various age and sex groups.

Material and Methods: This analytical observational study utilized 100 digital panoramic radiographs from our dental hospital, which met the criteria and were grouped according to age: age group 1 (21-30 years), age group 2 (31-40 years), age group 3 (41-50 years), age group 4 (51-60 years), and age group 5 (>60 years). Each age group comprised 20 samples (10 males and 10 females). ABL measurements were carried out using Vatech's EzDent-I software.

Results and Discussions: The mean ABL of first molars in the age group 1 to age group 5 were 0.03 ± 0.05 mm; 0.16±0.19mm; 0.35 ± 0.35 mm; 0.67 ± 0.46 mm; 1.00 ± 0.61 mm, respectively. The mean ABL of first molars in male and female groups were 0.45 ± 0.54 mm and 0.43 ± 0.50, respectively. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney post hoc test showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the ABL of first molars between all age groups, except the age group 4 with the age group 5. Meanwhile, the Mann-Whitney U test result reveals no significant difference in the ABL of first molars between males and females.

Conclusion: Panoramic radiographs show a difference in the ABL of the first molars among age groups below 60-51. This difference is not influenced by sex.

Intrabony Periodontal Defects Using Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR): A Literature Review

Suci Pratiwi Suharto, Asdar Gani — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction : Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has many used for periodontal regeneration in damage intrabony and has been the accepted treatment modality for almost 30 years. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that GTR is a successful modality of treatment for periodontal reconstructive surgery and has become the accepted procedure in most periodontal practices. This GTR has undergone a number of changes, including the use of several different membrane barrier materials for the stability of the space under the GTR membrane.

Objective: This article aims to discussed periodontal treatment of intrabony defects using GTR.

Literature Review: Periodontal regeneration can be defined as the complete restoration of lost periodontal tissue to its original texture and function. The procedure used to regenerate bone defects around teeth is known as guided tissue regeneration (GTR).

Discussion: Treatment with GTR has been shown to be effective in preventing epithelial and gingival connective tissue cells from migrating to the root surface. The main results in the treatment of intrabony defects achieved by guided tissue regeneration are increased functional tooth support (clinical attachment and bone level), reduced pocket depth, and minimal gingival recession.

Conclusion: From this literature review it was concluded that periodontal treatment of intrabony defects using GTR provides clinical results in the form of a good and significant increase in PD and CAL.

Characteristics of Patchouli Plant (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) as An Antimicrobial in The Development of Dental Materials

Deviyanti Pratiwi, Decky Joesiana Indrani, Sunarso Sunarso, Ria Puspitawati — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Various natural ingredients have been developed in health science to avoid side effects that arise due to the use of chemicals. Pogostemon cablin Benth, or the patchouli plant, is a natural ingredient that has been researched and has potential as an antimicrobial and antioxidant in health problems. The development of natural materials in dentistry is influenced by their physical, chemical, and biological properties. This review aims to determine the various characteristic tests that need to be carried out to support the potential development of Pogostemon cablin Benth as an antimicrobial material in dentistry.

Review: All parts of the patchouli plant can be used in the form of extracts and essential oils that contain secondary metabolites and other active ingredients, Patchouli Alcohol and its derivatives, which have an effect on antimicrobial activity. Another form of utilization of Pogostemon cablin Benth., such as emulsions, nanohydrogels, and encapsulations, aimed at increasing their activity. Various tests related to physical, chemical, and biological characteristics can be carried out to optimize the content of Pogostemon cablin Benth. so that it can be used appropriately, especially regarding health problems.

Conclusion: The results of this search have provided an overview of Pogostemon cablin Benth, which has physical, chemical, and biological properties that have the potential to become antimicrobial materials for dentistry.

Photodynamic Therapy As Adjunctive Therapy In Patients With Periodontitis Accompanied By Diabetes. A Scoping Review

Nida Ul Azkiya, Hanna Adianita, Ira Komara, Chandra Andi Bawono — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that causes inflammation and affects the tooth-supporting tissues, characterized by loss of periodontal tissue attachment and bone destruction. The main cause of periodontitis is periopathogenic bacteria, but systemic conditions can be risk factors for the development and severity of periodontal disorders. This study aimed to describe the effect of photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive therapy for periodontitis patients with diabetes.

Review: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontitis are complex diseases with a bidirectional relationship, and can increase the risk of periodontitis and periodontal inflammation affecting glycemic control. This study is a literature review using the scoping review method, with a systematic approach to map, analyze, and summarize previous research evidence. The article search used Pubmed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Researchgate, and Taylor and Francis Online databases from 2013 to 2023 with the inclusion criteria of articles from 2013 to 2023 that discussed the effect of photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive therapy in cases of periodontitis accompanied by diabetes mellitus. Five databases were used for the search method and four relevant studies were identified that stated that photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive therapy has a positive effect on the management of periodontitis in diabetic patients based on clinical and biochemical parameters.

Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy showed positive results as adjunctive therapy in many cases of periodontitis with diabetes.

Combination Of Betel Leaf Extract and Collagen as Liquid Anti-Inflammatory for Dental and Oral Tissue Treatment

Ni Putu Dian Cipta Dewi — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Based on Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) data in 2018, the prevalence of oral and dental problems in Indonesia reached 57.6% with periodontal disease reaching 74.1%. Mouthwash can help reduce the number of bacteria that cause infections in the oral cavity. Natural ingredients that are often used are collagen membranes and betel leaves are commonly used as antiseptics. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss in detail the functions, applications, and challenges of using collagen membranes and betel leaves in dentistry, as well as to deepen the latest research related to incorporating these two materials.

Review: Based on recent research, there is a combination of collagen membrane and betel leaf extract in dental treatment, especially to regenerate periodontal tissue. Collagen membrane coupled with betel leaf extract not only provides a scaffold to regenerate tissue but also as protection from bacteria, and microbes, as an anti-inflammatory, to accelerate the healing process, and as a prevention of infection. Collagen membrane and betel leaf have great potential in dentistry when combined, especially in tissue regeneration and infection prevention. Their combination may pave the way for the development of more effective and natural therapies in the treatment of dental and oral tissues.

Conclusion: Collagen modification and betel leaf use in dental care offer great potential for improving oral health. Collagen supports tissue regeneration and wound healing, while betel leaf provides antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits. The integration of these two ingredients in dental care products can improve the effectiveness of treatment and provide a more natural and effective solution to a variety of dental and gum problems.

Kata kunci: Perawatan Gigi, Gigi dan Mulut, Kolagen, Daun Sirih, Modifikasi Kolagen

Management of Proximal Caries That Are Not Clinically Detectable

Muhammad Fachrul Al Ghifari, Fajar Fatriadi — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Tooth decay is one of the most common dental diseases. Clinical examination alone is not sufficient to detect carious lesions. Additional diagnostic support, such as radiographic imaging, is necessary to aid in establishing an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Case: A 21-year-old female patient came to the Conservative Dentistry clinic at RSGM Unpad with complaints of a cavity in her lower right molar, and sometimes food gets stuck in it. Additionally, the patient also complained of occasional sensitivity in the tooth when eating or drinking cold items, which quickly subsides.

Case Treatment: The treatment for the filling of tooth 46 was completed in four visits. The first visit included taking the patient's history and an initial examination. The second visit involved caries removal, Class I preparation, discovery of a distal-proximal lesion, further Class II preparation, and a trial placement of a sectional matrix. The third visit included the placement of the sectional matrix, Class II composite restoration, and polishing. The fourth visit covered the control of the Class II composite restoration and re-polishing.

Discussions: Proximal caries is a type of decay that is difficult to detect clinically. The bitewing radiographic technique is the standard method for detecting proximal caries through the radiolucent image, which indicates the presence of demineralization in the tooth.

Conclusion and Suggestions: The importance of clinical examination, along with the supporting examination through bitewing radiography, is to detect proximal caries, thereby preventing errors in determining the treatment plan.

Biomarkers of Suture Density and Thickness in Craniofacial Bone Growth: Micro-CT Analysis

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: One of the parameters for measuring craniofacial growth is suture closure. The sutures are connected with fibrous connective tissue that grows in a few days. The objective is to analyze the gray-scale value (GV) potential by measuring the volume of interest (VOI) of the different skulls using micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT). The analysis uses certain parameters, namely density and thickness.

Material and Methods: This study involves experimental mice to examine normal growth and development processes at a certain age by investigating mice’s suture maturation. If the suture closure process has been completed, it can be used as a potential standard for measuring the cessation of growth in the craniofacial area. This study examined three different skulls obtained from 15-day-old (cranium 1) baby mice, 25-day-old (cranium 2) baby mice, and 120-day-old adult mice (cranium 3). The possible GV was 0 to 255 (Micro-CT-reconstructed image dataset in 8-bit-BMP-format). There was a volumetric space that limited the analysis area of the bone tissue whose density was measured. In micro-CT-reconstructed images, VOI was determined by the region-of-interest (ROI) in the 2D image slices, which completely formed an image. The machine used was a Bruker SkyScan 1173 high energy micro-CT.

Results and Discussions: The suture of Cranium 1, Cranium 2, and Cranium 3 have a relative mean density (GV) of 32,45; 29,74; and 50,1, respectively. This study also measures the geometric average measurement of bone cranium thickness with a 5x5 mm cross-section. The average thickness of cranium 1 is 0.554 mm, cranium 2 is 0.645 mm, and cranium 3 is 1.417 mm.

Conclusion: Sutures cranium 1 and 2 are lower in density and thinner than cranium 3 as documented by means of Micro-CT.

Periodontal Surgery in Patients With Periodontitis Stage I Grade A

Steffi Triany Arnov , Viona Sekar Melati, Awa Mumtaza Faradiza — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammation of the periodontal tissue characterized by loss of attachment and gingival enlargement. Periodontal diseases such as periodontitis that cannot be treated with non-surgical therapy, surgical therapy is performed, namely curettage which aims to eliminate bacteria and gingivectomy helps visibility and accessibility so that it will reduce periodontal inflammation.

Case: A 21-year-old female patient came to RSGM UNIMUS with complaints of enlarged gingiva on the upper and lower front teeth and redness on the upper left back teeth, since 1 year ago, clinically there was gingival enlargement on teeth 12,21,31,32,42,43 and redness accompanied by periodontal pockets on the mesial and distal parts of teeth 26,27.

Case Treatment: The treatment procedure carried out in the initial phase was scaling, then after control it was continued with periodontal surgery, namely curettage and gingivectomy because the results of the evaluation of pocket depth and gingival enlargement did not decrease.

Discussions: The results of treatment after two weeks after scaling have not changed, after two weeks after periodontal surgery showed good condition with mild complaints.

Conclusion and Suggestions: Gingivectomy and curettage treatment can quickly reduce periodontal inflammation.

Aesthetic Complex Management of Four Upper Anterior Teeth

Asri Riany Putri, Ilma Yudistian, Arya Kusuma Agraha, Dwis Syahriel — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Introduction: Anterior teeth require special attention in terms of aesthetics. Complex aesthetic treatment becomes the main choice in cases of anterior teeth with more than one caries, deformities, malposition and in needs of root canal treatment.

Case: A 49-year-old female patient complained of broken upper right and left front teeth due to impact. Objective examination found that the lingual margins of teeth 11, 12 and 13 appeared reddish and bled easily, composite fillings with secondary caries at 21 dentin depths and 22 pulp depths, chipping at 11, 12 and 22. Percussion of tooth 22 (+), pressure test (-) and CE (+).

Case Treatment: One visit root canal treatment in 22, direct composite veneer in 11, 21, 22 and composite restoration in 12.

Discussions: Complex aesthetic treatment involves more than one anterior tooth that requires root canal treatment as well as correction of shape and position. Determination of shape, tooth proportion, color, position dimension, inclination, smile position and lip line, relationship between teeth, relationship of facial midline to lip midline are required in complex aesthetic treatment. Composite resin is chosen as a restorative material due to aesthetic considerations, faster procedure, low cost, does not take much of healthy tooth structure, easy to be repaired when there is damage and does not damage the opposing teeth. The use of palatal putty index can increase the efficiency of the work and maximize the final result.

Conclusion and Suggestions: Complex aesthetic treatment using direct composite veneer is a fast, low-cost treatment option that can provide good aesthetic results in cases of four malformed and malpositioned upper anterior teeth.

Content of Volume 21 Issue 1 April 2025

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800