Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) (p-ISSN 1979-9144; e-ISSN 2685-5208) is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. The journal serves as an academic forum for the publication of peer-reviewed scientific articles, including original research reports, case reports, and special articles encompassing all disciplines of dentistry as well as related sciences. Since 2024, IJKG has been published three times a year in both print and online formats. Articles published in IJKG are expected to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge, research, and clinical practice in dentistry, while supporting the continuous development of oral and dental health sciences at national and international levels.
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
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Differences in the Accuracy of Age Estimation in Children Using the London Atlas and the Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population at RSGMP Nala Husada
Introduction: Teeth can be used for age estimation of the victim. Several atlases can be used to estimate age through teeth, such as the London Atlas(AL) and The Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population(ADDIP). The Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population (ADDIP) is a modification of the London atlas (AL), made by looking at the process of dental development of children in Indonesia from the age of 5 years to 23 years. Therefore, this study aims to compare the accuracy of child age estimation using the London Atlas (AL) and the Atlas of Dental Development in the Indonesian Population (ADDIP). Material and Methods: This study used 128 panoramic radiographs from pediatric patients aged 5 years to 16 years at RSGMP Nala Husada Surabaya from February to May 2025. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software for different tests, including a Wilcoxon test. Results and Discussions: Using the London Atlas (AL) method, the average difference between chronological age and dental age was found to be between -0.13 and -1.51 years. Meanwhile, according to ADDIP, the average difference between chronological age and dental age was found to be between -0.03 and -1.31 years. Conclusion: ADDIP shows a smaller difference between chronological age and dental age than the AL, suggesting that ADDIP demonstrated higher accuracy than AL for estimating age in Indonesian children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shintya Rizki Ayu Agitha, Icha Artyas Annariswati, Eddy Hermanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Corn Starch Addition on the Dimensional Stability of Irreversible Hydrocolloid Impressions
Introduction: Dental impression materials are broadly classified into elastic and non-elastic types. One of the most commonly used elastic impression materials is irreversible hydrocolloid, which possesses several important properties, including ease of manipulation, patient comfort during intraoral application, the ability to reproduce fine surface details accurately, and hydrophilicity that facilitates adaptation to moist oral tissues. However, in clinical practice, impression procedures cannot always be carried out immediately in accordance with established protocols due to various factors. As a result, dimensional changes may occur if the impressions are not stored properly. These changes are primarily attributed to the inherent properties of irreversible hydrocolloid, namely imbibition (water absorption) and syneresis (water loss). One strategy to enhance the efficiency of irreversible hydrocolloid utilization is the incorporation of corn starch (Zea mays), which contains amylose and amylopectin. These components are capable of absorbing water and swelling, thereby potentially minimizing dimensional instability in diagnostic models derived from irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding corn starch (Zea mays) to irreversible hydrocolloid impression material on the dimensional stability of diagnostic models. Materials and Methods: This study employed a laboratory experimental design using a post-test only control group design, divided into three groups. Group I served as the control group, in which the samples were not given any addition of corn starch. Group II was the treatment group with the addition of corn starch and a resting time of 5 minutes. Group III was the treatment group with the addition of corn starch and a resting time of 10 minutes. The data obtained were then analyzed using ANOVA to determine differences among the groups. Results and Discussions: The results of the study and data analysis demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the groups with the addition of corn starch in terms of dimensional stability changes of the alginate impression material. Incorporating starch in an optimal proportion can enhance the strength and hardness of the irreversible hydrocolloid gel. Conclusion: The addition of corn starch to irreversible hydrocolloid impressions has been shown to affect dimensional stability after storage for 5 and 10 minutes. Corn starch helps maintain the dimensional stability of the impressions at both time intervals, thereby improving the precision and accuracy of the resulting casts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kadek Dwi Dessy Sapitri, Ni Kadek Sugianitri, Kadek Ayu Wirayuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Effects of 50% and 100% Pleurotus ostreatus Gel on TNF-α in Traumatic Ulcer Healing in Wistar Rats
Introduction: White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a natural ingredient with diverse benefits, including its ability to heal traumatic ulcers. In the healing process, TNF-α acts as an inflammatory mediator that promotes epithelial growth and neovascularization. Material and Methods: This study was an in vivo laboratory experimental study using a post-test only control group approach, involving 32 samples randomly divided into eight treatment groups (n=4) based on variations in gel concentration (50%, 100%, negative control, and positive control) and observation time (days 3 and 7). TNF-α expression measurements were performed using an ELISA kit. Research data were analysed using the parametric One-Way ANOVA test, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, followed by the Tukey Post-Hoc test. Results and Discussions: Statistical analysis results showed a p-value of 0.000 <0.05 between treatment groups. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) expression decreased significantly in the groups given 50% and 100% white oyster mushroom extract gel, with the lowest average found at a concentration of 50% on both days 3 and 7, namely 231.33 and 195.33, thus demonstrating more optimal effectiveness at that concentration. Conclusion: White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract gel at a concentration of 50% was more effective than a concentration of 100% in reducing TNF-α expression in the healing of traumatic ulcers in male wistar rats. Further research with a concentration range of 50-100% and other immunological parameters is required for further confirmation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Nyoman Gemini Sari, Raziv Ganesha, Ni Nyoman Linda Pradnya Ningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Moringa oleifera Extract Gel on Macrophage Cells in Diabetic Traumatic Ulcer Healing
Introduction: Traumatic ulcers are common oral mucosal lesions caused by mechanical injury. In diabetes, wound healing is delayed due to impaired immune responses, including macrophage dysfunction. Moringa oleifera leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins that have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. This study evaluated the effect of Moringa oleifera extract gel on macrophage cell counts during traumatic ulcer healing in diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study used a post-test-only control group design with 32 male Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ). Traumatic ulcers were created on the labial mucosa using a burnisher. Rats were divided into four treatment groups (P1–P4) receiving Moringa oleifera extract gel and four control groups (K1–K4) receiving 3% Na-CMC gel. Observations were conducted on days 3, 5, 7, and 9. Gel was applied three times daily. Tissue samples were processed histologically, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and examined for macrophage counts. Results: Mean macrophage counts in treatment groups were P1=11.45, P2=10.15, P3=12.33, and P4=10.28, while control groups were K1=5.65, K2=6.70, K3=7.65, and K4=10.25. One-Way ANOVA showed significant differences among groups (p=0.021). Tukey Post Hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between P3 and K1 (p=0.037). Pearson correlation showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.357; p=0.045). Conclusion: Moringa oleifera extract gel significantly affected macrophage cell counts during traumatic ulcer healing in diabetic male Wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raziv Ganesha, I Gusti Ngurah Putra Dermawan, Ni Nyoman Gemini Sari, Agung Wira Trystano Kepakisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) Leaf Extract Gel Is Able to Reduce TNF-α and IL-6 Post Tooth Extraction in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Background: Tooth extraction is a procedure that can cause injury to the soft tissue. The inflammatory phase that occurs during wound healing triggers a series of tissue changes mediated by the immune system and cytokines. TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine levels should decrease as the wound heals, but otherwise it will slow wound healing and lead to chronic inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the extract gel of Moringa leaves on the wound healing process Materials and Methods: This research was conducted on 24 Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into four groups, 70%, 90% Moringa leaf extract gel group 70% and 90%, the control (+) oxyfresh gel, and the control (-) CMC-Na 2%. The left central incisor tooth was extracted, resulting in an injury to the gingival socket, and was given topical treatment every day for 7 days. Blood sampling from the orbital sinus was carried out on the 4th and 7th day after injury, and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. The data obtained was tested with two-way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD. Results: The lowest IL-6 was found in the 90% Moringa leaf extract gel group, with an average of 80.86 ± 1.91, while the lowest TNF-α was found in the 90% day 7 group with 80.56 ± 0.41. There were significant differences between the test groups and the observation time, with p <0.05. Conclusion: Topical application of moringa oleifera gel was effective in reducing TNF-α.and.IL-6 levels after tooth extraction in Wistar rats
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Dian Cipta Dewi, I Made Jawi, Susy Purnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship between Parental Behavior and Premature Loss of Primary Teeth at SD No. 3 Benoa
Introduction: Untreated caries are the main cause of premature loss of primary teeth. Children generally prefer cariogenic foods, but this is not balanced by oral health maintenance behavior. This is because children do not understand the importance of maintaining their oral health. This is where parental behavior is needed to provide guidance and supervision to children in maintaining the health of their oral cavity. Based on this, the author is interested in examining the relationship between parental behavior and premature loss of primary teeth in students aged 6-8 years at SD No. 3 Benoa. Material and Methods: This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was a dyad (parents and students) totaling 103 respondents. Result and Discussions: The study show that parental behavior is in the "sufficient" category, and there are quite many children experiencing premature loss of deciduous teeth. in children at SD No. 3 Benoa. There was a significant relationship between parental behavior regarding children's dental health and the incidence of premature loss of primary teeth in children, with a p-value of 0,000 (p-value < 0,05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between parental behavior regarding children's dental health and premature loss of primary teeth among 6-8-year-old students at SD No. 3 Benoa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gusti Ayu Dinda Arya Kirana, Mia Ayustina Prasetya, Louise Cinthia Hutomo, Luh Wayan Ayu Rahaswanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Decoction Against Streptococcus mutans on Heat-Polymerized Acrylic Resin
Introduction: Heat-polymerized acrylic resin is the most widely utilized material for removable denture bases. However, its inherent porosity and surface roughness facilitate the accumulation of plaque and bacteria, notably Streptococcus mutans. Poor denture hygiene can lead to mucosal inflammation known as denture stomatitis. Clove plants contain bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and essential oils, which possess established antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of clove flower and leaf decoctions against Streptococcus mutans on heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study employed a post-test only control group design. Twenty-seven heat-polymerized acrylic resin plates (10 x 10 x 2 mm) were divided into three groups. Group 1 was immersed in 20% clove flower decoction, Group 2 in 20% clove leaf decoction, and Group 3 in distilled water (control), each for 15 minutes. Results and Discussion: Significant differences in Streptococcus mutans counts were observed between the clove flower decoction group compared to the clove leaf decoction group (p = 0.025) and the distilled water group (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the clove leaf decoction and distilled water groups (p = 0.415). Conclusion: Clove flower decoction is significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans compared to clove leaf decoction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elin Hertiana, Defta Saputra, Fransiska Nuning, Susi R. Puspitadewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determination of MIC and MBC of Peperomia pellucida Extract Against Aggregatibacter actinomy-cetemcomitans Using Serial Dilution and Colony Count Assay
Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious disease that damages periodontal tissues and may lead to tooth loss. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is one of the main pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins with antibacterial potential. This study evaluated its effectiveness against A. actinomycetemcomitans and determined its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study used a post-test-only control group design. Antibacterial testing was performed using the serial dilution method in eight groups: extract concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, 0.2% chlorhexidine as the positive control, and distilled water as the negative control. MIC was assessed by bacterial growth on Mueller–Hinton Agar, while MBC was determined by colony counts (CFU/mL). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests. Results: Peperomia pellucida extract showed antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. MIC was achieved at 6.25% concentration with 92.5% inhibition, while MBC was achieved at 12.5% concentration with 100% bactericidal effect. Conclusion: Peperomia pellucida extract effectively inhibited and killed A. actinomycetemcomitans, with greater antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Lidya Ichwana Nasution, Sri Tjahajawati, Ratna Indriyanti, Amaliya Amaliya, Muhammad Ammar Permadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Arenga pinnata Palm Wine on Surface Roughness of Acrylic and Thermoplastic Nylon: SEM Study
Introduction: Surface roughness is an important property of denture base materials because it affects hygiene, comfort, and durability. Rough surfaces can retain debris and microorganisms, increasing the risk of halitosis and mucosal irritation. Tuak aren (Arenga pinnata palm wine), a traditional fermented beverage, contains alcohol and has an acidic pH that may alter denture base materials. This study evaluated the effect of tuak aren on the surface roughness of acrylic and thermoplastic nylon denture bases. Materials and Methods: Four groups were studied: acrylic plates (A1) and thermoplastic nylon plates (A2) immersed in distilled water as controls, and acrylic plates (B1) and thermoplastic nylon plates (B2) immersed in tuak aren as treatments. After 11 days of immersion, surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. Results: Descriptive analysis showed that A1 had the lowest surface roughness, while B2 had the highest. One-way ANOVA demonstrated significant differences among groups. LSD post hoc analysis revealed significant differences between B2 and groups A1, A2, and B1. SEM observations at 500× magnification showed microscopic surface changes after immersion in tuak aren. Profilometer measurements were consistent with SEM findings. Conclusion: Exposure to tuak aren increased the surface roughness of denture base materials, with the greatest effect observed in thermoplastic nylon plates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Purnami Dewi, Dewi Farida Nurlitasari, Ni Putu Dita Kristiana Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Immersion Time on the Amount of Fluoride Release in Fluoridated Composite Resin Materials
Introduction: Introduction: The fluoride content in composite resin restorations can help strengthen tooth structure affected by caries. It can also prevent secondary caries through the natural remineralization process. The mechanism of fluoride release occurs when the oral cavity is in an acidic state. It produces hydroxyl ions, which play an important role in stimulating fluoride release. The release of fluoride in composite resins runs constantly over time. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of immersion time on the amount of fluoride released by fluoride composite resin materials. Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study used 25 disc-shaped specimens of fluoride-containing composite resin Tetric N-Ceram Packable (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) (2 mm thickness × 5 mm diameter). The samples were divided into five groups based on immersion time: 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Each sample was immersed in artificial saliva at pH 5.5 to simulate acidic oral conditions. The amount of fluoride released was measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 570 nm. Results and Discussion: Post Hoc LSD analysis showed that the 1-day immersion group differed significantly from all other groups. Significant differences were also found between the 7-day group and the 21-day and 28-day groups, as well as between the 14-day and 21-day groups compared to the 28-day group. However, no significant differences were observed between the 7-day and 14-day groups or between the 14-day and 21-day groups. Fluoride release tended to decrease as immersion time increased. Conclusion: Immersion time significantly affects the amount of fluoride released from fluoride-containing composite resin materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariyani Faizah, Nurul Salsabila, Nilasary Rochmanita Suparno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Taurodontism Based on Panoramic Radiography at Saraswati Dental Hospital
Introduction: Taurodontism is a dental anomaly characterized by an elongated pulp chamber and apically displaced furcation, usually detected radiographically. Early identification is important because it may affect treatment planning. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of taurodontism on panoramic radiographs at Saraswati Dental Hospital. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included all panoramic radiographs taken from September 2021 to September 2024. Radiographs with good diagnostic quality, patients aged ≥12 years, and clearly visible molars were included. Crown body length (CB) and root length (R) were measured using Cliniview® based on Shaw’s method to calculate the CB/R ratio and classify taurodontism. Measurements were performed independently by three oral and maxillofacial radiologists. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results and Discussion: Of 3,289 panoramic radiographs, 106 taurodontism cases were identified (3.22%). Most cases occurred in adolescents aged 12–25 years (75.47%) and in the mandible (81.14%). Among 220 affected teeth, mandibular second molars were most frequently involved (64.55%). Hypotaurodontism was the most common subtype (66.37%). Conclusion: Taurodontism prevalence was 3.22%, predominantly affecting adolescents, the mandible, and the hypotaurodontism subtype. Early radiographic detection is important for effective dental management.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Putu Gede Andyka Yasa, I Dewa Ayu Nuraini Sulistiawati, Haris Nasutianto, Ni Kadek Ari Astuti, Anak Agung Kompyang Martini, Anak Agung Istri Agung Feranasari, I Made Agus Astika, Made Krisna Pramudita Wardana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of a School-Delivered “Tobacco-Free Home” Campaign on Adolescent Smoking and Periodontal Risk: An Analysis of Psychosocial Pathways
Introduction: Adolescent smoking contributes to early-onset periodontal disease, while institutional prevention programs often lack reinforcement at home. This study evaluated an 8-week psychosocial intervention integrating school-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with a family-engaged Tobacco-Free Home (TFH) campaign to improve smoking behavior, risk attitudes, and social support. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design involved 259 adolescent smokers in Bali, Indonesia. Intact classrooms were clustered into intervention (n = 139) and control (n = 120) groups. Psychosocial variables were measured at baseline and week 8. Data were analyzed using t-tests, Pearson correlation, and ANCOVA adjusted for baseline covariates. Result and Discussion: The intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in all outcomes compared with controls. Smoking behavior improved significantly (Δ = 0.76, p < 0.001), while ANCOVA confirmed strong group effects (F = 62.14). Positive correlations (r > 0.49) indicated that smoke-free home norms reinforced cognitive self-regulation, supporting social support as a key mediator. Conclusion: The CBT–TFH model effectively modified determinants of adolescent smoking behavior, with social support as an important catalyst for change. By extending intervention effects into the home environment, this strategy may help reduce long-term periodontal disease risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, Gusti Ayu Yohanna Lily, I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi, Jithesh Jain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Advantages and Limitations of Nanomaterials in Restorative and Endodontic Treatments: A Literature Review
Introduction: Nanotechnology has transformed dentistry by introducing nanomaterials with superior mechanical properties, improved aesthetics, and enhanced antibacterial effects, thereby improving treatment outcomes. These materials have been widely adopted in modern dental treatments. However, concerns remain regarding their potential toxicity, production costs, and long-term effects on human health and the environment. This review explores the benefits and challenges of nanomaterials in dentistry, particularly their applications in restorative and endodontic treatments. It examines potential risks to provide a balanced perspective on their clinical use. Review: Nanomaterials enhance the strength and durability of dental restorations while reducing bacterial adhesion. In endodontics, nanomaterials enhance the antimicrobial activity and penetration of root canal sealers, thereby improving root canal disinfection and reducing the risk of reinfection. However, prolonged exposure to nanomaterials raises concerns about biocompatibility, oxidative stress, immune responses, and neurotoxicity. Current studies highlight the need for standardized safety protocols and long-term clinical trials. Conclusion: Nanotechnology offers significant advancements in dentistry, improving treatment durability and patient outcomes. However, further research is required to assess long-term safety, optimize materials for clinical use, and develop regulatory guidelines. Ensuring the biocompatibility and environmental safety of nanomaterials is a priority for their widespread adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mochammad Taha Ma’ruf, Atia Nurul Sidiqa, Ilma Yudistian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rigor Mortis and Its Management in Dental Autopsy Procedures
Introduction: Forensic Odontology plays a crucial role in forensic investigations, including determining the postmortem interval (PMI). Rigor mortis is one of the early signs of death, often presenting challenges during oral examinations. Dental autopsy is a procedure that can address these challenges, enabling a thorough examination of the teeth even in the presence of rigor mortis. Review: Rigor mortis represents a major obstacle in dental autopsy procedures. Muscle stiffness hampers mouth opening and access to the oral cavity. Various techniques can be employed to perform dental autopsies in cases of rigor mortis, such as the use of mouth gags, trismus screws, and myotomy. Jaw resection techniques may also be employed to provide better access to dental structures. Conclusion: Rigor mortis significantly limits oral cavity access during dental autopsy procedures. Characterized by muscle stiffness, presenting a challenge during dental autopsy examination of the oral cavity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizki Tanjung, Intan Farizka, Siti Salsabila Kirana, Agnes Elizabeth Yuwono, Ailsa Fadhilah Putridwita, Aldrina Wulan Eka Suci, Elsa Christy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integration of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Orthodontics: Legal and Ethical Aspects
Introduction: Artificial Intelligence integration in orthodontics enhances diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and clinical efficiency. However, it presents legal and ethical challenges, such as liability, data privacy, and equitable access, necessitating the responsible adoption of AI in clinical practice. This literature review aims to explore the integration of AI technology in orthodontics, with a specific focus on the associated legal and ethical aspects. Review: The review aims to identify the benefits of AI in enhancing orthodontic care, examine the potential legal liabilities and regulatory considerations related to its use, and analyse the ethical implications of AI in patient data management and treatment decision-making. By providing a comprehensive overview, this study intends to highlight the importance of establishing clear guidelines and standards to ensure the safe and ethical use of AI in orthodontics. This literature review synthesizes recent research on the implementation of AI technologies in orthodontics. Studies have demonstrated that AI can process vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, thereby improving diagnostic precision and optimising treatment plans. Nonetheless, the rapid adoption of AI raises concerns about data privacy, legal liability, and equitable access to technology, which are crucial to address for the ethical integration of AI in healthcare. Conclusion: AI integration in orthodontics offers benefits like improved diagnostics and personalized treatment plans, but requires careful legal and ethical considerations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yessy Andriani Fauziah, Ida Bagus Narmada, Edwin R Siswantoro, Ryan Raditya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Aloe Vera Extract Is More Effective in Inhibiting the Growth of Enterococcus faecalis Compared to Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Extract
Introduction. Oral health is increasingly recognized as critical, as the oral cavity serves as a primary entry point for pathogens, potentially leading to oral diseases and systemic health complications. Materials and Methods. This experimental study employed a post-test only control group design to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Piper betle L. (betel leaf) extract compared to Aloe vera extract against Enterococcus faecalis, a key contributor to root canal treatment failure due to its high resistance and persistence in harsh environments. The study aimed to confirm the potential of these extracts as alternatives for managing E. faecalis infections in root canal therapy. Extracts were prepared via maceration using 96% ethanol as solvent, and inhibition zones were measured at 100% concentration against E. faecalis cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results and Discussion. E. faecalis cultures were grown on Mueller-Hinton agar. Both extracts demonstrated inhibitory effects on bacterial growth, with betel leaf extract exhibiting greater efficacy than Aloe vera extract. Conclusion. Betel leaf extract showed superior antibacterial activity against E. faecalis compared to Aloe vera extract, supporting its potential as an adjunct in root canal disinfection. Keywords : root canal irrigation , enterococcus faecalis, betel leaf, aloe vera
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Rusmiany, Maya Sari Dewi; Abimanyu Bagas Karo Sebayang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Light-Curing Duration on the Surface Hardness of Nanohybrid Composite Resin
Introduction: Nanohybrid composite resin is widely used due to its favorable esthetic and mechanical properties. Surface hardness is an important property influencing resistance to masticatory forces and wear, and it depends on the effectiveness of polymerization. Inadequate light-curing can reduce cross-link formation, resulting in lower hardness. This study evaluated the effect of different light-curing durations on the surface hardness of nanohybrid composite resin. Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study used a post-test-only design with 27 samples of Filtek Z250. Samples were divided into three groups based on light-curing durations of 20, 30, and 40 seconds. Surface hardness was measured using a Vickers Hardness Tester. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test. Results and Discussion: The mean surface hardness values for 20, 30, and 40 seconds were 82.52 VHN, 84.69 VHN, and 92.85 VHN, respectively, showing increased hardness with longer curing time. A significant difference was found between the 20-second and 40-second groups (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed between 20 vs 30 seconds and 30 vs 40 seconds (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that longer light-curing improves polymerization and enhances surface hardness. Conclusion: Light-curing duration significantly affects the surface hardness of nanohybrid composite resin, with longer curing times producing higher hardness values.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Tista, Kadek Lusi Ernawati, I Gusti Ayu Raras Mayfanka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence-Based Animated Video Education on Elementary School Students’ Dental Health Knowledge
Introduction: Oral health problems among children remain high due to limited knowledge and poor hygiene habits. The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey reported that 50.9% of the population experience oral health problems, while only 3.4% practice proper toothbrushing. Engaging educational media are therefore needed. Artificial intelligence (AI)–based animated videos provide interactive visual and audio content that is easily understood by children. This study evaluated their effectiveness in improving dental and oral health knowledge among elementary students. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a one-group pretest–posttest design involving 53 fourth-grade students of SDN 146/VIII Rejosari. Dental health education was delivered using AI animated video media. Knowledge was assessed using a 19-item questionnaire before and after the intervention and categorized into good, sufficient, and poor. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test (p < 0.05). Results and Discussions: Before the intervention, most students had poor knowledge (69.81%), followed by sufficient (26.42%) and good (3.77%). After education, the good category increased to 52.83%, sufficient decreased to 39.62%, and poor decreased to 7.55%. Paired t-test results showed a significant improvement (p < 0.001). Conclusion: AI animated videos effectively improve elementary students’ dental and oral health knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Caesary Cloudya Panjaitan, Khairunnisa Salsabilla, Goalbertus, Trijani Suwandi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Potential of Uncaria Gambir Extract Against Glucosyltransferase Enzyme: A Narrative Review
Introduction: Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) enzyme is an enzyme produced by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) bacteria that plays an important role in the process of attachment and virulence of bacterial colonies on the tooth surface. Gambier plants (Uncaria gambir (Roxb.)) have the main content of catechins and tannins that can prevent the formation of extracellular glucans that bind S. mutans bacteria on the tooth surface. The purpose of this narrative review is to determine the potential of gambir extract on Gtf enzymes produced by S. mutans. This article is a narrative review, with databases sourced from PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane, and Science Direct. Review: A total of 251 articles were identified, and 6 journals were filtered that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for analysis. Catechins and tannins contained in gambir have inhibitory action against Gtfs, so that the activity of EPS synthesis by S. mutans is blocked. Inhibition of Gtf by catechins does not interfere with the existence of microbes in the oral environment. Therefore, the ability of catechins extracted from gambir plants is able to inhibit the Gtf enzyme selectively, and is developed as a material that can prevent the formation of dental caries. Conclusion: Gambier extract has the potential to inhibit the formation of Gtf enzymes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Rusdiana Puspa Dewi, Zata Yumni Nabiilah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Stabilization of Teeth After Exposure to High Temperature Conditions for Forensic Identification: A Scoping Review
Introduction: Teeth are used as a primary method of forensic identification due to their robust nature. Although resistant to various environmental destruction, prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures may alter the tissue, rendering it fragile and prone to fragmentation. This poses a challenge for forensic odontologists in postmortem identification, as postmortem dental analysis often requires teeth to be intact for further investigation beyond the crime scene. This article aims to examine and discuss methods of teeth stabilization following exposure to high temperatures, focusing on materials selection and key properties for selecting the optimum stabilizing agents to preserve/reinforce the heat-affected teeth. Review: The literature review was performed using PubMed and ScienceDirect in accordance with the PRISMA workflow, including only full papers and original research and/or case reports. Various natural and synthetic solutions were effective for teeth stabilization, with spraying as the most effective method for maximum surface coverage. Aside from ease of use, material availability, rapid curing time, and non-volatility, the long-term durability and chemical stability are crucial factors in selecting the appropriate stabilizing agent to store heat-affected teeth for archiving. Conclusion: In conjunction with proper teeth stabilization methods, forensic odontologists must also consider proper storage of evidence, planning a safe route from the crime scene to the mortuary, and evidence storage time for possible future analysis to ensure the best evidence preservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Salsabila Kirana, Gusaimas M. H. H. Akbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
En Masse Retraction in Bimaxillary Protrusion and Molar Mesialization: A Case Report
Introduction: Successful orthodontic treatment of bimaxillary protrusion requires effective anchorage control to enable anterior retraction without unwanted posterior tooth movement. Loss of molars can compromise anchorage, leading to mesial drift, space reopening, and loss of vertical control. Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) provide a reliable solution for achieving maximum anchorage. This case report describes the use of TADs for en masse retraction and third molar mesialization. Case: A 20-year-old female presented with a hyperdivergent profile and lip incompetence. Clinical examination revealed maxillary and mandibular incisor proclination. A gangrenous radix was present in the lower left region. Cephalometric analysis showed Class I skeletal malocclusion with a convex profile. Case Management: Based on clinical and radiographic findings, extraction therapy was planned due to arch length discrepancy. Anchorage was compromised following extraction of the lower left molar. TADs were placed to provide maximum anchorage, allowing en masse retraction of anterior teeth and controlled mesialization of the third molar. This approach minimized unwanted tooth movement and maintained vertical control throughout treatment. Conclusion: The use of TADs enabled effective anchorage control, facilitating precise en masse retraction and third molar mesialization, resulting in improved facial profile and occlusal outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Intan Sitasari, Henny Susanto, Erdiarti Dyah Wahyuningtyas, I Gusti Aju Wahju Ardani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Management of Odontogenic Cutaneous Fistula Secondary to Dental Abscess: Report on Two Cases
Introduction: Odontogenic cutaneous fistula is an abnormal pathway that causes pathologic communication between the cutaneous surface of the face skin and the oral cavity that occurs due to a chronic dental infection. Case: A 37-year-old male presented with frequent throbbing pain in all four wisdom teeth and a sunken scar on the lower left cheek, resulting from a carious lesion in the lower left molar. A 56-year-old female presented with a sunken scar on her cheek following the extraction of an infected upper molar. Case Management: Both odontogenic cutaneous fistulas were treated by addressing causative tooth infection, when present, in combination with fistulectomy. On follow-up, the first patient exhibited delayed wound closure, whereas the second achieved complete closure through a combined subcutaneous and cutaneous suturing technique. The extraoral fistula may present in various forms, with dimpling or retraction resulting from adherence to underlying tissues. Accurate diagnosis of odontogenic cutaneous fistulas that are often misdiagnosed require careful history taking, clinical evaluation, and radiographic examination. Definitive management typically involves fistulectomy to resolve the extraoral lesion. Conclusion: Odontogenic cutaneous fistulas are managed by eliminating dental infection and performing fistulectomy, with combined closure optimizing healing and aesthetic outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Natasha Ayu Rupayasa, Nyoman Ayu Anggayanti, Ni Made Ista Prestiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Management of Acute Atrophic Erythematous Candidiasis in a Diabetes Mellitus Patient: A Case Report
Introduction: Acute atrophic erythematous candidiasis is an oral mucosal infection caused by overgrowth of Candida spp., commonly associated with immunocompromised conditions such as diabetes mellitus. It presents as painful, erythematous lesions that may impair quality of life if untreated. Case: A 47-year-old male presented with tongue pain. Intraoral examination showed a well-demarcated, elongated erythematous lesion on the anterior one-third of the left dorsal tongue, measuring 2.5 × 1 cm, with a smooth surface and tenderness on palpation. The patient had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (HbA1c 10.6%) and was on metformin, glimepiride, and amlodipine. Case Management: Fungal culture confirmed Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. The patient received topical nystatin oral suspension four times daily for two weeks. After 22 days, complete healing was observed. Poor glycemic control likely increased susceptibility through impaired immunity and changes in the oral environment. The presence of non-albicans Candida species reflects infection patterns in immunocompromised patients. Conclusion: Oral candidiasis is closely associated with diabetes mellitus. Effective management requires antifungal therapy combined with glycemic control and improved oral hygiene.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irene Anastasia Tampubolon, Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas, Aulya Setyo Pratiwi, Gremita Kusuma Dewi, Reiska Kumala Bakti, Ardyta Lintang Maheswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Direct Fiber-Reinforced Composite Onlay for Post-Endodontic Restoration of the Maxillary First Pre-molar
Introduction: Pulp necrosis is a pathological condition of the dental pulp that requires root canal treatment. Post-endodontic restoration is required to support the success of the root canal treatment, restore dental function, and improve aesthetics. In this case, the final restoration employed was a direct composite onlay with fiber reinforcement. Case: A 30-year-old female patient presented to the Dental Hospital of Soelastri, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (UMS), with a chief complaint of a carious tooth on the upper right jaw, which had been present for the past year. The diagnosis was established based on subjective, objective, and supplementary examinations. The diagnosis was pulp necrosis with apical periodontitis in tooth 14. Case Management: The patient underwent root canal treatment in accordance with the principles of the endodontic triad. Subsequently, the final restoration was placed as a direct composite onlay with fiber reinforcement. Discussion: A direct composite onlay with fiber reinforcement is a restoration that can be utilized following root canal treatment. The advantages of this restoration include its resistance to masticatory forces, favorable aesthetics, and color resemblance to dentin. Conclusion and Suggestions: Restoration after root canal treatment is crucial to ensure the success of the endodontic therapy. The use of a direct composite onlay with fiber reinforcement represents one of the options for the final restoration following root canal treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Regina Meilin Syahputri, Noor Hafida Widyastuti, Cahyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Management of Midline Diastema Using Removable Orthodontic Appliances Combined with Frenec-tomy: A Case Report
Introduction: A midline diastema is a gap between the maxillary central incisors that can lead to aesthetic, psychological, and social issues. Its etiology is multifactorial, with one contributing factor being a high-attachment superior labial frenulum, which may cause relapse following orthodontic treatment. Case: A 22-year-old female patient presented with the chief complaint of a 1.5 mm gap between her upper front teeth, which significantly disturbed her appearance. The patient also had a habit of biting pencils and a history of relapses after previous orthodontic treatment. Case Management: The patient was treated with removable orthodontic appliances consisting of active maxillary and mandibular plates. The active components included finger springs, a labial arch, and continuous springs, which were gradually activated during each follow-up visit. At the eighth follow-up visit, a frenectomy was performed at the Department of Periodontics due to the high attachment of the superior labial frenulum, which posed a potential risk for relapse. Removable orthodontic appliances have been reported to be effective in closing mild to moderate midline diastema, particularly through the tipping movement of anterior teeth. Patient compliance, controlled activation, and appropriate appliance design are critical determinants of success. Frenectomy also contributes to the stability of the outcome by eliminating soft tissue tension that could potentially reopen the diastema gap. Conclusion: The combination of removable orthodontic treatment, frenectomy, and a retention phase with a retainer can yield optimal results in midline diastema cases. Comprehensive evaluation of etiological factors, patient adherence, and long-term monitoring are strongly recommended to prevent relapses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Maulana Aji Setiawan, Regina Meilin Syahputri, Reni Kurniasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0