Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
type: channel
description: Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) with registration number p-ISSN 1979-9144 and e-ISSN 2685-5208 is a journal published by the Faculty of Dentistry UNMAS Denpasar as a forum for the publication of scientific articles in the form of research reports, case reports, and special articles from all dentistry disciplines and other related sciences. IJKG is published three times a year since 2024 in the form of print and online journals. Articles published in IJKG are expected to contribute to the advancement and development of dentistry.
publisher: Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
language: en-US
publication name: Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
issn: 1979-9144
copyright: Every manuscript submitted to must observe the policy and terms set by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) Publication rights to manuscript content published by the Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) is owned by the journal with the consent and approval of the author(s) concerned. Full texts of electronically published manuscripts can be accessed free of charge and used according to the license shown below.
items: Content of Volume 21 Issue 2 August 2025
items: Early Loss of Primary Molars and Changes in Body Mass Index in Students Aged 7–9 Years
items: Effectiveness of Lecture Method in Improving Dental and Oral Health Knowledge in Adolescent Group at Mahasaraswati University Denpasar
items: Differences in Knowledge and Attitudes Before and After Oral and Dental Health Education in Elementary School Students at SDN 013 Palaran Samarinda City
items: Survey of Dental Students' Knowledge Levels Regarding Gingival Pigmentation and Smoking Behavior
items: The Relationship Between Halitosis and Anxiety in Medical Students Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya
items: Antifungal Potential of Sansevieria Trifasciata Infusion as a Cleaner for Dentures
items: The Difference in the Effects of Theobromine Solution at Concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin and Dentin
items: Responsibility of Medical Personnel in Performing Emergency Actions Related to the Legal Interests of Legal Subjects
items: Analysis of The Relationship Between Oral Health Maintenance Behavior of Prisoners on DMFT and OHIS Scores
items: The Relationship Between Patients' Knowledge, Attitude, and Actions With The Utilization of Dental and Oral Health Services at RSUD Taman Husada Bontang
items: Impact of Short-Duration Video Intervention to Improve Knowledge of Dental Malocclusion Among High School Students: Lessons from A Time-Constrained Study
items: Comparison of Porosity in Thermoplastic Filling Using MTA with Ca(OH)2 and MTA with Nano Chitosan by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
items: Effectiveness of Cengkeh Leaf Extract Ointment (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) on The Number of Fibroblast Cells on Healing of Injection Wistar Walls (Rattus norvegicus)
items: Effect of Bacterial Metabolites From Good Oral-Hygiene to Biofilm Formation From Poor Oral-Hygiene
items: Effect Of 8% Ethyl Acetate Fractionated Coriander Seed (Coriandrum sativum) Extract Gel on The Number of Neutrophils and Fibroblasts in The Healing Process of Gingivitis (in vivo Study on Wistar Rats)
items: https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/interdental/article/view/11775
items: Trends in Outpatient Dental and Oral Visits at Selemadeg Timur I Public Health Center
items: Integration of Gamification and Health Belief Model to Promote Dental Health in School Children: A Narrative Review for Digital Intervention Development
items: The Role of p53 Gene In Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
items: Management Of Ellis Class II Fracture Of Maxillary Anterior Tooth With Composite Resin Restoration
items: Presence of Klebsiella Pneumoniae on Black Hairy Tongue as Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis
items: Oral Management of Herpes-Associated Erythema Multiforme in A Microcytic Anaemia Patient
items: Submandibulary Abscess With Molar Teeth Pulp Necrosis

Content of Volume 21 Issue 2 August 2025
type: item
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2

Early Loss of Primary Molars and Changes in Body Mass Index in Students Aged 7–9 Years
type: item
description: Introduction: The early loss of primary teeth denotes the loss of teeth in the oral cavity before the typical loss timeframe. The early loss of primary molars markedly impacts masticatory function. Children of elementary school age frequently encounter dental and oral health issues. This study aims to determine the correlation between the premature loss of primary molar teeth and variations in body mass index (BMI) among 7-9-year-old students at Public Elementary School (SDN) 003 Sungai Kunjang. Material and Methods: This study employed an analytical approach with a prospective cohort design. The demographic comprises students aged 7 to 9 years at SDN 003 Sungai Kunjang, Samarinda City, with 233 respondents. Sampling was conducted via a non-probability purposive sampling method. This study utilized oral diagnostic instruments, manual scales, stadiometers, stationery, identity questions, and examination forms. Results and Discussions: Bivariate data analysis employing the chi-square test on the early loss of primary molars and alterations in student BMI indicated that respondents with early loss of primary molars were 8.824 times more likely to exhibit a reduction in BMI than those without early loss of primary molars. Conclusion: The study finds that a correlation exists between the early loss of primary molars and alterations in BMI among 7-9-year-old students at SDN 003 Sungai Kunjang
creator: Luly Kartika Dewi Br. Kaban
creator: Nydia Hanan
creator: Ronny Isnuwardana
creator: Musnar Munir
creator: Evi Fitriany
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Luly Kartika Dewi Br. Kaban, Nydia Hanan, Ronny Isnuwardana, Musnar Munir, Evi Fitriany https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 184
ending page: 189
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9909

Effectiveness of Lecture Method in Improving Dental and Oral Health Knowledge in Adolescent Group at Mahasaraswati University Denpasar
type: item
description: Introduction : Dental and oral health is one of the main indicators of overall health which includes the condition of the oral cavity, frequently encountered diseases, tooth loss and other health problems. One group that is quite vulnerable to dental and oral problems is teenagers, as many as 51.9% of teenagers aged 15-24 years suffer from dental and oral diseases caused by a lack of dental and oral health maintenance behavior. Dental health to increase awareness of teenagers in maintaining dental and oral health. Methods :. This research is a descriptive, cross-sectional observational study in which exposure and outcome are measured at the same time. The research sample was determined by purposive sampling, namely the research sample criteria determined by the researcher and the total sample obtained was 16 samples. The data collection technique used primary data taken using pretest and post-test questionnaires. The data were then analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test and chi square methods to see differences in knowledge, attitudes and actions before and after counseling. Results and Discussions : A significance value of <0.05 from the paired t-test indicates that there is an influence or significant difference in the respondent's knowledge before and after being given education Knowledge and attitudes will have a big impact on a person's decision to maintain their health. In the chi square analysis test, there was not much difference in the p-value Conclusion : The outreach activities were able to provide an increase in teenagers' knowledge of dental and oral health, marked by the increase in post-test results that were distributed. With increased knowledge in a group of teenagers, it is hoped to reduce the level of dental problems in a group of teenagers
creator: I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi
creator: Ni Putu Idaryati
creator: Yudha Rahina
creator: I Nyoman Panji Triadnya Palgunadi
creator: Gusti Ayu Yohanna Lily
creator: I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama
creator: I Gusti Ayu Pramesti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi, Ni Putu Idaryati, Yudha Rahina, I Nyoman Panji Triadnya Palgunadi; Gusti Ayu Yohanna Lily; I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, I Gusti Ayu Pramesti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 190
ending page: 196
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11145

Differences in Knowledge and Attitudes Before and After Oral and Dental Health Education in Elementary School Students at SDN 013 Palaran Samarinda City
type: item
description: Introduction: Dental and oral health problems are still widely found in children, especially at the age of 5-9 years. One of the factors that causes this problem is the lack of children's knowledge which has an impact on children's attitudes and actions towards their dental and oral health. One way that can be done as an effort to prevent dental and oral health problems at a child's age is by educating dental and oral health through flashcard game media. The purpose of this study is to find out the difference in knowledge and attitudes before and after dental and oral health education in students at SDN 013 Palaran, Samarinda City. Research Materials and Methods: This study was a pre-experimental research with a one group pre-test and post-test design. The research respondents came from students in grades 1, 2, and 3 at SDN 013 Palaran, Samarinda City with a sample size of 71 people who met the inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out by knowledge and attitude questionnaires. The data from the study were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Results and Discussion: The results obtained were that most of the students' knowledge before education was in the medium category, which was 53.5%, and after education, the majority of students' knowledge was in the good category, which was 95.8%. The attitude of students before education is more in the medium category, namely 52.1%, and the attitude of students after education mostly shows a good category, which is 88.7%. The difference in knowledge and attitude before and after dental and oral health education showed p < 0.01 Conclusion: There are differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after dental and oral health education in students at SDN 013 Palaran, Samarinda City.
creator: Patih Atma Wiranti
creator: Listiyawati
creator: Endang Sawitri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Patih Atma Wiranti, Listiyawati, Endang Sawitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 197
ending page: 203
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9409

Survey of Dental Students' Knowledge Levels Regarding Gingival Pigmentation and Smoking Behavior
type: item
description: Background: Aesthetics is an important aspect in the world of dentistry, and patients have high expectations for aesthetics to increase their self-confidence. Smokers have a high risk for periodontal disease, and smoking causes several abnormalities in the oral cavity, such as pigmentation of the oral cavity, which interferes with the aesthetics of the teeth. Good ability and knowledge are required to identify aesthetic needs. This need can be met by dental graduates. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of clinical students at FKG UPDM (B) regarding gingival pigmentation to smoking behavior. Material and Methods: This study employs a descriptive research design with a cross-sectional approach. Questionnaires with 10 research questions were distributed online to clinical students at FKG UPDM(B). Results and Discussion: Based on 100 professional students, consisting of 76 female students in the dental profession (76%) and male students in the dental profession 24 people (24%). This study shows that the knowledge of professional students at FKG UPDM (B), all respondents have good knowledge (89.0%). Conclusion: This study shows that the knowledge of research subjects who are professional students at FKG UPDM (B) in general is in a good category (80%-89%)
creator: Desy Fidyawati
creator: Adrianus Wicaksono
creator: Mellynia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Desy Fidyawati; Adrianus Wicaksono; Mellynia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 204
ending page: 211
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.10142

The Relationship Between Halitosis and Anxiety in Medical Students Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya
type: item
description: Introduction: Halitosis is a common occurrence among people. Halitosis can be classified as genuine halitosis, where the sufferer genuinely has bad breath that can be smelled by people around them, or as delusional halitosis, where the sufferer believes that they have bad breath but it cannot be smelled by people around them. Halitosis can become a significant problem, especially when the sufferer is socializing with others, due to the anxiety that their bad breath might disturb their conversation partners. This condition can lead to poor communication skills and actions of isolation or withdrawal from others. Material & methods: This study seeks to explore the perceptions and knowledge of medical students at Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya about halitosis, as well as its impact on their anxiety levels. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, the research involved 150 students from the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, class of 2020–2022. Halitosis, as the independent variable, was assessed using the Halitosis Consequences Inventory (ICH), while anxiety, the dependent variable, was measured through the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42). Data analysis was conducted using the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient test. Results: Results of the research are 34.7% of Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya’s students from the class 2020-2022 experience halitosis, while 65.3% experience anxiety. 76.9% of students with halitosis also experience anxiety. The results of the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient test indicate a weak positive correlation (rs = 0.321) that is statistically significant (p = 0.000) between halitosis and anxiety. In other words, there is a tendency that an increase in halitosis will affect the increase in anxiety levels. Conclusion Relation between halitosis and anxiety is a synergy (positive correlation). Halitosis has a moderate positive influence on anxiety among the students of the Faculty of Medicine at Universitas Katol…
creator: Cleo Michaela Latumahina
creator: Indriani Oktaria
creator: Lonah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Cleo Michaela Latumahina, Indriani Oktaria, Lonah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 212
ending page: 220
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12197

Antifungal Potential of Sansevieria Trifasciata Infusion as a Cleaner for Dentures
type: item
description: Introduction: Thermoplastic nylon is one of the alternative materials used for denture bases, in addition to acrylic resin. It offers good flexibility and aesthetics; however, its high water absorption makes it susceptible to microbial colonization. Sansevieria trifasciata is a herbal plant known for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Therefore, it has the potential to be developed as a natural denture cleanser. This study aims to determine the antifungal effect of a 40% S. trifasciata var. laurentii infusion on the growth of Candida albicans colonies on thermoplastic nylon denture base plates. Material And Methods: This in vitro experimental study used a post-test only control group design with four groups: one negative control (sterile distilled water) and three groups treated with 40% S. trifasciata infusion for 24, 48, and 72 hours. A Candida albicans suspension (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL) was prepared using McFarland standard 0.5. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify active compounds in the extract. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results and Discussions: Phytochemical analysis of the S. trifasciata var. laurentii extract indicated the presence of saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, all of which are known to exhibit antifungal activity. The descriptive analysis showed that the treatment group with 72-hour immersion had the lowest average colony count of C. albicans. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA showed a significant difference among the groups (p = 0.001). LSD post hoc analysis revealed that all treatment groups differed significantly from the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicate that prolonged immersion in S. trifasciata var. laurentii infusion enhances its antifungal efficacy. The observed antifungal activity is likely related to the disruption of fungal cell membranes by the active compounds present in the extract. Conclusion: The 40% S. trifasciata var. laur…
creator: Tri Purnami Dewi
creator: Dewi Farida Nurlitasari
creator: Bagus Eda Purnariyawan Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Purnami Dewi, Dewi Farida Nurlitasari, Bagus Eda Purnariyawan Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 221
ending page: 225
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12202

The Difference in the Effects of Theobromine Solution at Concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10% on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin and Dentin
type: item
description: Introduction: The use of composite resin as a restorative material poses challenges in creating optimal adhesive bonds with dentin, particularly due to the presence of the smear layer. A cavity cleanser is required to remove the smear layer and enhance adhesive strength. Chlorhexidine is considered the gold standard cavity cleanser, but it has toxic effects on the pulp. Theobromine, a natural compound derived from cocoa beans, has the potential to serve as a safer alternative with low toxicity. Material and Methods: This in vitro experimental study employed five treatment groups: aquadest, 2% chlorhexidine, 1% theobromine, 5% theobromine, and 10% theobromine. A total of 25 premolar tooth samples were used. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with a One-Way ANOVA statistical test. Results and Discussions: The highest shear bond strength value was observed in the 5% theobromine group (5.53 MPa). There was no significant difference among the treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The 5% theobromine solution yielded the highest mean shear bond strength value compared to other groups, although the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that theobromine has potential for further investigation as a candidate cavity cleanser.
creator: Carline Angela
creator: Anastasia Prahasti
creator: Elline
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Carline Angela, Anastasia Prahasti, Elline https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 226
ending page: 231
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11075

Responsibility of Medical Personnel in Performing Emergency Actions Related to the Legal Interests of Legal Subjects
type: item
description: Introduction: Professional standards for medical personnel define the competencies that medical personnel can be held accountable for when practicing medicine. The purpose of these professional standards is to ensure that medical personnel possess a minimum standard of knowledge, skills, and professional behavior, which is also used by relevant parties as a guideline, reference, basis, and guidance in regulating and fostering the medical and dental professions. However, in the cases of Supreme Court Decisions Number 1145K/Pdt/2017 and Number 365K//Pid/2012, medical personnel were faced with an emergency that forced them to perform medical procedures deemed to violate these professional standards. Method: This study uses a descriptive analytical juridical method to analyze the criminal law liability of medical personnel. Data were collected from laws, related regulations, and court decisions. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative juridical approach. Discussion: The professional standards for doctors are regulated by the Decree of the Indonesian Medical Council Number 193/KKI/KEP/VIII/2024, and the professional standards for dentists are regulated by the Decree of the Indonesian Medical Council Number 126/KKI/KEP/III/2024. These professional standards govern medical personnel in providing healthcare services, including emergency measures. While emergencies are not explicitly stated in Article 48 of the Indonesian Criminal Code and Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), Article 33, is not explicitly stated. However, through doctrine and jurisprudence, the view has developed that emergencies are part of relative coercive power, but not psychological coercive power. Therefore, legal subjects may be faced with three conflicting options. Emergencies can be linked to Article 48 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning coercive power and forced circumstances, which can serve as justification and excuse. Conclusion: The liability of…
creator: Widia Hafsyah Sumarlina Ritonga
creator: Dey Ravena
creator: Agus Hadian Rahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Widia Hafsyah Sumarlina Ritonga, Dey Ravena, Agus Hadian Rahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 232
ending page: 241
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12171

Analysis of The Relationship Between Oral Health Maintenance Behavior of Prisoners on DMFT and OHIS Scores
type: item
description: Introduction: Every human being, including prisoners, has the right to general health and dental health. Prisoners have the right to receive treatment, both spiritual and physical, namely health services. Dental and oral health status is a health problem in Indonesia that has received little attention. In West Sulawesi Province, 68.4% had dental problems, 78.3% received treatment, and 93.0% never sought treatment. Based on research results, dental and oral health care facilities in prisons are still very limited, making it difficult for prisoners to get treatment. Therefore, researchers want to know the behavior and dental health status of prisoners at the research location. Materials and Methods: This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional research design. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling, where the samples that met the inclusion criteria were 109. Results and Discussion: Oral health maintenance behavior in the sufficient category is 47 prisoners (37.06%), dental caries status in the Decay Missing Filled-Teeth (DMF-T) score category is very high, namely 41 prisoners (37.06%), oral hygiene status and Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) category is moderate, 79 prisoners (72.48%). The results of the correlation or relationship test using Spearman, p-value <0.001, which means that there is a relationship between oral health behavior with DMF-T and OHI-S scores. Conclusion: From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between oral health maintenance behavior and DMFT and OHI-S caries scores in prisoners at Class IIB Polewali Mandar Prison, West Sulawesi.
creator: Sari Aldilawati
creator: Ilmianti
creator: Noer Hidaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sari Aldilawati, Ilmianti, Noer Hidaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 242
ending page: 248
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11166

The Relationship Between Patients' Knowledge, Attitude, and Actions With The Utilization of Dental and Oral Health Services at RSUD Taman Husada Bontang
type: item
description: Introduction: The issue of dental and oral health has been recognized as a significant health concern in Indonesia. Based on the 2018 Riskesdas report, the proportion of oral health problems in the community in Bontang was 57.26% while only 20.51% received treatment from dental medical personnel. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and patient actions with the utilization of oral health services at RSUD Taman Husada Bontang. Material and Methods: This study used purposive sampling technique with a cross-sectional study design. In this study there were 96 respondents selected as samples who were utilizing oral health services at the Dental Polyclinic of RSUD Taman Husada Bontang. This study used a questionnaire to measure patient behavior in utilizing oral health services. Results and Discussions: The results showed that patient knowledge and attitudes (99%) were in the good category, patient actions (94.8%) were in the good category, and oral health service utilization (97.9%) was in the good category. The results of the chi-square test on knowledge and attitudes with the utilization of oral health services showed p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), and the chi-square test on the action category with the utilization of oral health services showed p = 0.004 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and patient actions with the utilization of oral health services at RSUD Taman Husada Bontang.
creator: Salma Nadya Salsabila
creator: Listiyawati
creator: Endang Sawitri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salma Nadya Salsabila, Listiyawati, Endang Sawitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 249
ending page: 256
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.10970

Impact of Short-Duration Video Intervention to Improve Knowledge of Dental Malocclusion Among High School Students: Lessons from A Time-Constrained Study
type: item
description: Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a video-based educational intervention for improving knowledge of dental malocclusion among students at SMAN 39, Jakarta, and to examine the associations between knowledge levels and sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design involving 159 students was employed. Data were collected via structured pre-test and post-test questionnaires assessing students’ knowledge of dental malocclusion. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation coefficient to examine associations between variables. Results and Discussion: All 159 participants completed both the pre-test and post-test. A statistically significant improvement in knowledge was observed following the intervention (p = 0.001). While sex, age, and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with baseline knowledge, the post-intervention results indicated that female students, older age groups, and students from higher-income households demonstrated significantly greater knowledge retention (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Video-based interventions effectively enhanced student’s knowledge of dental malocclusion; however, the extent of improvement varied across sociodemographic groups. These findings suggest that sex, age, and socioeconomic status may influence educational outcomes. Future oral health education initiatives should consider these factors to increase the effectiveness and inclusivity of digital learning interventions.
creator: Armasastra Bahar
creator: Fitria Rizqy Amalia
creator: Risqa Rina Darwita
creator: Atik Ramadhani
creator: Iwany Amalliah Badruddin
creator: Anton Rahardjo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Armasastra Bahar, Fitria Rizqy Amalia, Risqa Rina Darwita, Atik Ramadhani, Iwany Amalliah Badruddin, Anton Rahardjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 257
ending page: 264
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11451

Comparison of Porosity in Thermoplastic Filling Using MTA with Ca(OH)2 and MTA with Nano Chitosan by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
type: item
description: Introduction: Porosity often occurs after root canal treatment. Various sealers are used to close all the gaps between the root canal system and the outer surface of the tooth. The currently used root canal sealers include MTA, Ca(OH)₂, and nano chitosan (NC). The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in porosity levels of root canals treated with MTA sealer combined with Ca(OH)₂ versus MTA sealer combined with NC. Method: This study used 16 human adult incisor samples (tooth #11), divided into two groups. The first group received MTA sealer with Ca(OH)₂, and the second group received MTA sealer with NC, both applied using the thermoplastic filling technique. After treatment, the samples were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure porosity. Results: The porosity measurements (in micrometers, μm) for the first group (MTA with Ca(OH)₂) were: 12.24, 7.98, 9.81, 8.19, 10.85, 7.87, 8.43, and 8.96. The second group (MTA with NC) showed porosity values of: 7.73, 2.48, 6.80, 3.85, 1.32, 4.66, 3.98, and 4.22. The mean porosity in the first group was 9.29 μm, while in the second group it was 4.38 μm. Conclusion: Statistical analysis showed a t-value of 5.31 with p < 0.001, indicating a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). This suggests that MTA sealer combined with nano chitosan results in significantly lower porosity and better root canal filling density compared to MTA sealer combined with Ca(OH)₂.
creator: Dewa Made Wedagama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dewa Made Wedagama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 265
ending page: 268
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12193

Effectiveness of Cengkeh Leaf Extract Ointment (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) on The Number of Fibroblast Cells on Healing of Injection Wistar Walls (Rattus norvegicus)
type: item
description: Introduction: An open wound is a condition where part of the body's tissue has been damaged from its normal state due to sharp or blunt trauma, changes in temperature, chemicals, explosions, electric shock, or animal bites. Clove leaves contain active ingredients such as eugenol, saponins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, as well as essential oils, which have the potential to be anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic, inhibiting cell damage and accelerating the healing process in wounds. Materials and Methods: This type of research is an in vivo laboratory experiment with a posttest-only control group design and sample grouping using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment was carried out for 5 days by applying it to the mice's backs twice a day, then on the 6th day, decapitation was carried out, taking specimens to observe the number of fibroblast cells. Results and Discussions: The research was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results of the study showed that administering cloveleaf extract ointment (Syzygium Aromaticum L.) with concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% was effective in increasing the number of fibroblast cells in the healing process of incisional wounds on the backs of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Conclusion: Giving cloveleaf extract ointment at a concentration of 3% is more effective in increasing the number of fibroblast cells in the healing process of incisional wounds in mice compared to concentrations of 6% and 9%.
creator: Hendri Poernomo
creator: Mochammad Taha Ma’ruf
creator: Paskarani Mbiliyora
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Poernomo, Mochammad Taha Ma’ruf, Paskarani Mbiliyora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 269
ending page: 276
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12058

Effect of Bacterial Metabolites From Good Oral-Hygiene to Biofilm Formation From Poor Oral-Hygiene
type: item
description: Introduction: Microbial variations and oral hygiene (OH) status of an individual are related to the oral biofilm formation. The metabolite of microorganisms influences biofilm formation. This research aims to analyse the effect of bacterial isolates' metabolites from a good OH individual on the in vitro biofilm of bacterial isolates from a poor OH individual. Materials and Methods: Spent medium of bacteria isolated from a good OH individual tongue swab that contains different protein and nitrate concentrations was treated in vitro with biofilm from a poor OH individual tongue swab to evaluate the cell viability and in vitro biofilm mass under aerobic conditions. The methods used include the Bradford test, Griess test, Crystal Violet test, and Total Plate Count. Results and Discussions: There were significant differences in the cell viability of bacteria isolated from poor OH individual treated by spent medium isolated from good OH individual with different concentrations of protein and nitrate (p value <0.05), as well as biofilm mass of the sample that was treated with spent medium containing different nitrate concentration (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: The protein and nitrate content in the spent medium from a good OH tongue swab can influence cell viability and in vitro biofilm mass from a poor OH individual tongue swab.
creator: Sarah Athiyyahmaulidya Refyan
creator: Ratna Ramadhani
creator: Endang Winiati Bachtiar
creator: Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
creator: Wahyu Sulistiadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah Athiyyahmaulidya Refyan, Ratna Ramadhani, Endang Winiati Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis Bachtiar, Wahyu Sulistiadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 277
ending page: 282
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9030

Effect Of 8% Ethyl Acetate Fractionated Coriander Seed (Coriandrum sativum) Extract Gel on The Number of Neutrophils and Fibroblasts in The Healing Process of Gingivitis (in vivo Study on Wistar Rats)
type: item
description: Introduction: Gingivitis is inflammation of the gingiva and the initial stage of periodontal disease, which, if not treated, will become periodontitis. Coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) have anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel on the number of neutrophils and fibroblasts in the healing process of gingivitis (in vivo) in Wistar rats. Material and Method: Thirty-six rats were divided into 3 groups: the 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel group, the chlorhexidine gel group, and the placebo gel group. Gingivitis was induced by tying a silk ligation to the subgingival area of ​​the lower incisor for 7 days. 0.05 ml of gel was applied twice a day in the gingivitis area. On days 1, 3, 5, and 7, three rats from each group were decapitated, histological preparations were made with HE staining, and the number of neutrophils and fibroblasts was counted using an Optilab microscope with 400x magnification. Healing assessment was measured based on the decrease in the number of neutrophils or the increase in the number of fibroblasts compared to the number of neutrophils or fibroblasts on the initial observation day. Results and Discussions: A significant difference in neutrophil counts was found in the 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel group (45.43%) and the placebo gel group (51.67%) on days 3. A significant difference was also found in the number of fibroblast in the 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel group (5410%) and the placebo gel group (4470%) on days 5, and between the 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel group (8463.33%) and the placebo gel group (7953.33%) on days 7. Conclusion: This research concludes that 8% ethyl acetate fractionated coriander seed extract gel can reduce the number of neutrophils and increase the number of fibroblasts in the gingivitis healing process…
creator: Devita Sanjaya
creator: Asikin Nur
creator: Sri Kuswandari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Devita Sanjaya, Asikin Nur, Sri Kuswandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 283
ending page: 290
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9724

https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/interdental/article/view/11775
type: item
title: Differences in The Effects Of 15% Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera) Extract Gel and 70% Kecemcem (Spondias pinnata) Tree Bark Extract Gel on The Number of Gingiva Fibroblasts In Wistar Rats Postcurettage With Periodontitis Conditions
description: Introduction: Periodontitis is a prevalent global oral disease leading to increased dental tourism, including to Indonesia. One treatment for periodontitis is gingival curettage with adjuvant therapy to speed up wound healing. Studies suggest that moringa leaf extract and kecemcem tree bark contain active compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study compares the effects of 15% moringa leaf extract gel and 70% kecemcem tree bark extract gel on the number of gingival fibroblasts in Wistar rats after curettage under periodontitis conditions. Material and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into four groups: positive control (hyaluronic acid), negative control (CMC-Na), 15% moringa leaf treatment, and 70% kecemcem tree bark treatment. Periodontitis was induced by tying a silk thread to the mandibular side, followed by curettage with a Sub-Zero (Osung) curette. The rats were euthanized on days 3, 5, and 7. Histological preparations were made, and fibroblast counts were taken from three fields of view using a light microscope at 400x magnification. Results and Discussion: The average number of fibroblasts in the kecemcem tree bark treatment group was higher than in the moringa leaf treatment group. The Least Significant Difference Post Hoc test showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Flavonoids, phenols, and β-sitosterol in kecemcem tree bark were more effective in increasing fibroblast numbers compared to moringa leaf extract, as indicated by the higher average fibroblast count. Conclusion: 70% kecemcem tree bark extract gel had a more significant effect than 15% moringa leaf extract gel in increasing gingival fibroblasts in Wistar rats after curettage with periodontitis.
creator: Eka Pramudita Ramadhany
creator: Ni Luh Desy Ayu Susilahati
creator: Ni Putu Vania Amelia Dewi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eka Pramudita Ramadhany, Ni Putu Vania Amelia Dewi, Ni Luh Desy Ayu Susilahati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 291
ending page: 299
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11775

Trends in Outpatient Dental and Oral Visits at Selemadeg Timur I Public Health Center
type: item
description: Introduction: Oral and dental health problems in Indonesia continue to increase, yet the utilization rate of health services, especially in remote, frontier, and outermost (3T) regions, remains relatively low. Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) play a crucial role in providing promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative services, supported by electronic medical record systems to facilitate the analysis of patient visit patterns and morbidity. This study aims to evaluate the pattern of patient visits to the dental and oral health unit at UPTD Puskesmas Selemadeg Timur I, Megati Village, as a basis for improving the quality and effectiveness of health services. Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive quantitative research conducted at UPTD Puskesmas Selemadeg Timur I in April 2025. Data were collected from the medical records of 1,253 patients from January to December 2024 using a total sampling method. The observed variables included visit classification, payment mechanisms, gender, and 5 dominant cases based on gender. The results were analyzed and presented in tables and charts to illustrate the distribution and trends of dominant cases. Results and Discussion: There were 1,253 visits over one year, with the majority being follow-up patients (73.42%), covered by JKN (91.37%), and female patients (61.77%). The peak of visits occurred in December, influenced by the academic calendar and health promotion activities. The most common diagnosis was pulpitis (K04.0) at 43.66%, disturbances of tooth eruption (K00.6) at 22.27%, gingivitis and periodontal diseases (K05.0) at 22.11%, pulp necrosis (K04.1) at 5.91%, and periapical abscess without sinus (K04.7) at 2.39%. Conclusion: The visits were predominantly follow-up cases, involving JKN participants and female patients, with pulpitis (K04.0) being the most frequent diagnosis. The high utilization of JKN highlights the vital role of community health centers in ensuring equitable access and quality of den…
creator: I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama
creator: I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi
creator: Ni Putu Idaryati
creator: I Gusti Ayu Ratih Pramesti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi, Ni Putu Idaryatti, I Gusti Ayu Ratih Pramesti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 300
ending page: 307
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12198

Integration of Gamification and Health Belief Model to Promote Dental Health in School Children: A Narrative Review for Digital Intervention Development
type: item
description: Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common health problems among school-aged children and can have long-term impacts on their quality of life. Most oral health promotion interventions to date remain conventional and are often unappealing to children. On the other hand, advancements in digital technology offer significant opportunities for developing more interactive and engaging educational approaches. Review: This literature review aims to analyze the relevance and effectiveness of integrating the Health Belief Model (HBM) with gamification in the development of digital interventions for school-aged children in the field of oral health. The literature findings indicate that HBM-based interventions are effective in enhancing children’s perceptions of susceptibility, benefits, and self-efficacy in maintaining oral health. Gamification has been shown to improve engagement and motivation through game elements such as points, challenges, and rewards. Several studies conclude that, although each approach has its own strengths, the strategic integration of HBM and gamification can address their respective limitations—particularly in achieving long-term behavior change. Conclusion: However, most digital interventions have not yet explicitly incorporated all components of the HBM, nor have they adequately addressed local contexts such as culture, technological access, and the role of teachers and parents. Therefore, there is a need for the design of digital intervention applications based on HBM and gamification through a co-design approach. This concept holds potential as a direction for further research in developing sustainable and evidence-based oral health promotion solutions in Indonesia.
creator: Ivana Abigayl
creator: Melissa Adiatman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ivana Abigayl, Melissa Adiatman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 308
ending page: 318
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11888

The Role of p53 Gene In Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
type: item
description: Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in oral and originates from the epithelial tissue. Carcinoma formation is a genetic process that triggers changes in cell morphology and behavior. Abnormalities in cell cycle control, regulated by p53 among these factors. This study was conducted to examine the role of p53 and p53-related proteins in the formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Review: p53 is a component of the genome associated with the development of cancer in humans. Several studies have suggested that p53 is an important antitumor weapon. In the cell cycle, p53 is recognized if there is a cell mutation or the presence of an oncogene, and delays the cell cycle to prevent cells from becoming cancerous. The level of p53 will increase and react by arresting the cell cycle, directing cells to repair or undergo apoptosis. If p53 does not function, the cell cycle carrying damaged genetic material continues and is unable to undergo apoptosis. As a result, cells continue to proliferate with genetic abnormalities that can lead to malignancy. Conclusion: Loss of p53 function can cause random mutations, chromosomal changes, and aneuploidy, which drive the growth of cancer cells to a malignant state. Analysis of changes at the molecular level can be a major diagnostic tool to guide treatment and identify changes associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
creator: Firyal Nabilla
creator: Indra Hadikrishna
creator: Harmas Yazid Yusuf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Firyal Nabilla, Indra Hadikrishna, Harmas Yazid Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 319
ending page: 325
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9906

Management Of Ellis Class II Fracture Of Maxillary Anterior Tooth With Composite Resin Restoration
type: item
description: Introduction: Traumatic dental injury is a common dental health problem in society. Recovery from an anterior tooth fracture requires restoration that matches the appropriate color, anatomical shape, translucency, and alignment with the adjacent teeth in the arch. The restored tooth must adapt both aesthetically and functionally. Case: A 17-year-old female patient presented to the Udayana University Dental and Oral Hospital with a complaint of a broken front tooth. The tooth had been fractured approximately three years ago due to a collision. Clinical examination revealed crown fractures of teeth 11, 12, and 21. Vitality tests were positive, while percussion and mobility tests were negative. Case Treatment: Restoration was performed using A2 shade composite resin applied with an incremental technique. Finishing and polishing were carried out using a round-ended tapered fine finishing bur, Sof-Lex discs, and polishing strips for the proximal surfaces. Discussion: Crown fractures of anterior teeth are the most common type of trauma to permanent teeth, and they can result in aesthetic, psychological, social, and functional issues. Composite resin restorations are an appropriate treatment choice for such fractures due to their advantages, which include excellent esthetic outcomes, favorable physical and mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Conclusion and Suggestions: Thorough examination and accurate diagnosis are essential for selecting the most appropriate treatment. Proper composite resin application techniques are crucial for the success of the restoration. Consequently, composite resin restorations can adapt well within the oral cavity, effectively restoring aesthetics, speech, and physiological function.
creator: I Gusti Ayu Fienna Novianthi Sidiartha
creator: Made Kristiana Dewi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Ayu Fienna Novianthi Sidiartha, Made Kristiana Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 326
ending page: 330
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11412

Presence of Klebsiella Pneumoniae on Black Hairy Tongue as Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis
type: item
description: Introduction: Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition characterized by discoloration and elongation of filiform papillae. Although asymptomatic, it can trap microorganisms, potentially contributing to oral dysbiosis. The pathogenesis is still unclear, but smoking, drugs, alcohol, or excessive coffee/tea consumption trigger it. Diagnosis relies on history-taking, clinical assessment, and occasionally microscopic evaluation. This case report aims to show an interesting finding in the microbiological examination of black hairy tongue. Case: A 33-year-old male smoker and coffee drinker presented with black tongue discoloration. Any medication use and a history of systemic diseases are denied, but he had a habit of smoking, staying up late, and heavy coffee consumption. Case Management: Clinical assessment and microbiological swab analysis for bacterial and fungal identification were conducted. Microbiological examination revealed the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a colonizing opportunistic pathogen. Discussion: The patient reported no systemic diseases or medication use, with lifestyle factors identified as potential triggers. This case underscores the role of lifestyle factors and oral hygiene in the development of BHT and its association with microbial dysbiosis. Conclusion: The detection of K. pneumoniae emphasizes the need for microbial evaluation in persistent cases to prevent potential systemic effects.
creator: Reiska Kumala Bakti
creator: I Gusti Agung Sri Pradnyani
creator: Ajiravudh Subarnbhesaj
creator: Desiana Radithia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Reiska Kumala Bakti, I Gusti Agung Sri Pradnyani , Ajiravudh Subarnbhesaj, Desiana Radithia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 331
ending page: 334
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.12176

Oral Management of Herpes-Associated Erythema Multiforme in A Microcytic Anaemia Patient
type: item
description: Introduction: One acute and self-limiting hypersensitivity reaction affecting the skin and/or other mucous membranes is known as Erythema Multiforme (EM). EM is considered to be associated with infections or medications. Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) is a well-known predisposing factor and the most prevalent cause of EM, also referred to as Herpes Associated Erythema Multiforme (HAEM). Case: A 31-year-old female patient presented to RSGM Universitas Airlangga with red-black crusts, erosion, and bleeding on her lips, as well as erosion and sloughing of the oral mucosa. She had experienced fever and chills for a week, and three days later, lesions appeared on the lips and oral mucosa. The symptoms progressively worsened despite treatment. Case Treatment: At the first visit, the patient was referred for serology tests, complete blood count, IgM and IgG Anti-HSV 1 and Anti-HSV 2, and total IgE. Positive serology for IgG Anti-HSV 1 confirmed the diagnosis, and microcytic anaemia was also detected. The patient was treated with steroid orabase and oral elixir, administered four times daily. Discussions: The first line in treatment management is using antiviral therapy. Early treatment with oral antivirals may lessen the number and duration of lesions. Topical steroids can be given in dosage form, paste in orabase, ointment or elixir according to the involvement of the lesion area. Conclusion: Management of HAEM must determine the etiology and symptoms. A prompt and correct diagnosis following by the right approach to oral management not only cure but also prevent recurrence and improve the quality of life.
creator: Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas
creator: Rossy Sismiyanti
creator: Fatma YasminMahdani
creator: Gremita Kusuma Dewi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurina Febriyanti Ayuningtyas , Rossy Sismiyanti, Fatma YasminMahdani, Gremita Kusuma Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 335
ending page: 340
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.10897

Submandibulary Abscess With Molar Teeth Pulp Necrosis
type: item
description: Introduction: A Submandibular abscess is an accumulation of pus in the submandibular region, often caused by odontogenic infections. An untreated submandibular abscess can lead to life-threatening complications. Case: A 47-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with progressive swelling of the left neck, dysphagia, and respiratory distress. She had a history of intermittent dental pain for two years. Examination revealed submandibular swelling extending to the neck, with erythema, warmth, tenderness, and fluctuance. Intraoral examination showed deep caries in tooth 37, residual root of tooth 46, and poor oral hygiene. Case Treatment: This case was managed collaboratively with the general surgery department, involving an extraoral incision and drainage, antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone 2 x 1g IV and metronidazole 3 x 500mg IV), and tooth extraction to expedite recovery. Discussion: Dental plaque and debris containing carbohydrates are converted into lactic acid by bacteria, leading to tooth structure destruction. This creates a pathway for bacterial invasion of the apical region, infecting the cancellous bone and cortical bone. The infection can spread through the bone to the soft tissues. Anatomically, mandibular molar tooth infections can easily spread to the buccal space and submandibular space. Conclusion: Tooth extraction is crucial in managing submandibular abscesses with odontogenic infections to prevent recurrence.
creator: Tania Syifomade
creator: Setiawan Suseno
creator: Wahyu Tauhid Nur Rizal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tania Syifomade, Setiawan Suseno, Wahyu Tauhid Nur Rizal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 341
ending page: 346
doi: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.11090