Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) (p-ISSN 1979-9144; e-ISSN 2685-5208) is a scientific journal published by the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. The journal serves as an academic forum for the publication of peer-reviewed scientific articles, including original research reports, case reports, and special articles encompassing all disciplines of dentistry as well as related sciences. Since 2024, IJKG has been published three times a year in both print and online formats. Articles published in IJKG are expected to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge, research, and clinical practice in dentistry, while supporting the continuous development of oral and dental health sciences at national and international levels.
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
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Content of Volume 21 Issue 3 December 2025
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Socio-demographic Factors of Caries and Dental Fillings in Indonesia with a Geospatial Mapping Approach
Introduction: Untreated caries is one of the oral diseases that poses a significant burden in Indonesia. The perceived need for people to receive dental treatment is influenced by sociodemographic, economic, environmental, and healthcare service factors. The purpose of this study was to determine sociodemographic factors towards untreated caries and dental fillings in Indonesia, and then visualize them in geospatial mapping. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study used secondary data from Basic Health Research 2018. A sample was 14.031 subjects, then classified based on WHO age group and sociodemographic factors. As gender, residence, educational level, employment status, and frequency of dental visits as independent variables. Then, the number of untreated caries and fillings is the dependent variable. The bivariate analysis was used to determine different factors. QGIS was used to visualize dependent variables in 26 provinces in Indonesia. Results and Discussions: There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the 35-44 years age group between females, rural residents, those with no schooling, and informal workers concerning untreated caries. Meanwhile, females, urban residents, college diploma holders, formal workers, and those with dental visits showed a tendency toward dental fillings. This result closely aligns with overlay mapping geospatial analysis. Conclusion: Sociodemographic characteristics had an impact on untreated caries and dental fillings, and should be considered to find out comprehensive strategies to improve oral health care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayu Asri Lestari, Risqa Rina Darwita, Melissa Adiatman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Application Of Edible Coating Chitosan and Nanochitosan Shrimp Shells on Heat-Polymerized Acrylic Resin Based on Water Absorption
Introduction: The base material commonly used for removable dentures is heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Its weakness is water absorption, causing dimensional changes, discoloration, and effects on mechanical properties such as transverse strength, hardness, and biocompatibility. Shrimp shell chitosan, a natural biopolymer, can form a thin film coating and has the potential to be used as an edible coating. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of applying edible chitosan and nanochitosan coatings from shrimp shells to heat-cured acrylic resin in inhibiting water absorption. Materials and Methods: The research design was a true experimental laboratory with a posttest-only control group design. Thirty plates measuring 60X10X2.5 mm were divided into 5 groups, namely 1 control group without coating (distilled water) and 4 treatment groups with 2% chitosan, 3% chitosan, 2% nanochitosan, and 3% nanochitosan Aldrich® shrimp shells. The coating was applied by immersion for 5 minutes and dried for 1 hour for all treatment groups. Water absorption was tested by immersion in distilled water for 7 days at a temperature of 37±2 °C, calculated according to the formula in ISO 4049. Results and Discussion: One-way ANOVA analysis showed significant differences (p<0,001). The LSD post-hoc test showed that all treatment groups differed significantly from the control group (p=0.001). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences between the chitosan and nanochitosan treatment groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the application of 2% and 3% edible chitosan and nanochitosan coatings from shrimp shells can inhibit water absorption in a heat-polymerized acrylic resin base.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ria Koesoemawati, Kadek Dwi Dessy Sapitri, Kadek Ayu Wirayuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Calcium Hydroxide Particle Size on the Viability of NIH3T3 Fibroblast Cells
Introduction: Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] is a widely used intracanal medicament due to its antimicrobial properties and its ability to stimulate hard tissue formation. Ca(OH)₂ plays a crucial role in endodontic therapy, primarily for its antimicrobial properties and its potential to facilitate reparative dentin formation. Its cytotoxic effects, particularly in relation to particle size, require in-depth investigation. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity of calcium hydroxide with varying particle sizes on cultured fibroblast cells, thus providing insights into the implications of particle size on the biological responses elicited by calcium hydroxide. Material and Methods: This study was an in vitro experimental research aimed to evaluate the effect of Ca(OH)2 particle size on the viability of NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Three forms of Ca(OH)2 were used: nanoparticles, microparticles, and commercial Ca(OH)2 as the positive control. Each sample was mixed with distilled water to form a paste and applied to cell cultures, while untreated cells served as the negative control. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay after 24 hours of exposure, and cell viability was calculated relative to the control. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney tests with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results and Discussions: The nanoparticle Ca(OH)2 group showed the lowest cell viability (1.8%), which was significantly lower than that of the microparticle group (3.0%) and the commercial Ca(OH)2 group (5.0%) (p = 0.1). All Ca(OH)2 groups exhibited a high level of cytotoxicity, with cell viability below 20%, categorized as highly toxic. These results indicate that nanoparticle Ca(OH)2 may increase the risk of cellular toxicity. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of considering particle size in the use of Ca(OH)2 as an intracanal medicament. Further biocompatibility evaluations are required to balance its antibacterial effectiveness with the safety of surrounding tissues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Atia Nurul Sidiqa, Maysa Nursaena, Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Vitro Evaluation of Turmeric Extract (Curcuma domestica) Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus Causing Dental Abscess
Introduction: Dental abscess is a common odontogenic infection characterized by pus accumulation due to an inflammatory response to microorganism invasion. Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen frequently found in periapical abscesses and endodontic infections. Increasing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics has become a global health concern. Turmeric (Curcuma domestica) possesses antibacterial activity attributed to curcumin and phenolic compounds. Materials and Methods: This experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University in October 2023. Turmeric extract at 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations was tested against Staphylococcus aureus isolates using the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Results and Discussion: Phytochemical screening detected six active compounds: saponins, phenols, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Turmeric extract at 100% produced the highest inhibition zone of 16.38 mm, compared to 23.20 mm for the positive control (0.2% chlorhexidine). ANOVA analysis showed significant differences among groups (F = 277.78; p < 0.05), with a positive correlation between increasing extract concentration and antibacterial effectiveness. Conclusion: Turmeric rhizome extract at 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with effectiveness increasing proportionally to concentration, showing potential as a natural antibacterial alternative therapy in dentistry, especially in instances of dental abscesses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Widani Astuti, I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, Ilma Yudistian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Distribution of Dental Caries in Preschool Children Based on the dmf-T Index and Gender
Introduction: Dental caries continues to be a major oral health problem among preschool children. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmf-t) index is widely used as an indicator to assess caries status in this population. Gender has been suggested as a factor that may influence both the prevalence and severity of dental caries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine and compare the dmf-t index among preschool children according to gender. Material and Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design with a purposively selected sample of 31 preschool children. Dental caries was assessed using the dmf-t index. Data were analyzed descriptively, and comparative analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results and Discussions: The results showed that the prevalence of dental caries among preschool children was 67.74%, with a mean caries score of 3.55 ± 4.06 falls within the moderate category. The prevalence of dental caries was higher in girls compared to boys (69.23% : 66.67%), whereas the mean caries score was higher in boys (4.39 ± 4.90 : 2.38 ± 2.14). Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in the dmf-t index between boys and girls. Conclusion: Gender did not show a significant difference in caries experience. although the prevalence of dental caries was higher among girls, the mean caries experience was greater in boys.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Rusmiany, Yudha Rahina; Ni Nyoman Nurdevianti, Ni Putu Idaryati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An Analysis of Factors Contributing to Low Interest in Denture Use Among the Elderly in Denpasar City: A Hanlon Theory Approach
Introduction: The increasing life expectancy in Indonesia, including Denpasar City, has led to a growing elderly population. Older adults are vulnerable to various health problems, including tooth loss. This condition can impair chewing function, affect facial aesthetics, and ultimately reduce the quality of life. Dentures are a commonly used solution; however, their use among the elderly remains low. Therefore, it is important to explore the factors influencing the interest in using dentures. Material and Methods: This study was a qualitative research including a descriptive exploratory approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 older adults from five community units (banjar) in Denpasar City, selected purposively. Data were analyzed thematically using the Hanlon method, which considers the magnitude of the problem, seriousness of the impact, effectiveness of the solution, and feasibility of implementation, to assess and prioritize the factors contributing to the low interest in denture use. Results and Discussions: Six main themes were identified as influencing the low interest in denture use: passive acceptance of tooth loss as a natural part of aging, limited access due to lack of transportation or assistance, (3) low knowledge about the benefits of dentures, discomfort during use, perception of high costs, and ignorance of the Indonesian health insurance coverage. Conclusion: The low interest in denture use among older adults is influenced by psychosocial, structural, and educational factors. Educational interventions, provision of mobile health services, and culturally sensitive, community-based approaches are needed to improve denture utilization among older adults.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Idaryati, I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi, Gusti Ayu Yohanna Lily, I Nyoman Panji Triadnya Palgunadi, Yudha Rahina, I Gusti Ayu Ari Agung, I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, I Gusti Ayu Ratih Pramesti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Increase in Interleukin-6 Levels in the Gingiva of Male Wistar Rats Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis
Introduction: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in healthy gingiva contributes to regulating the immune response and tissue homeostasis. Exposure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria (P. gingivalis) in periodontal tissues can influence the role of IL-6, shifting it from a tissue homeostatic agent to a pro-inflammatory cytokine. This study aimed to determine the levels of IL-6 in the gingiva of male Wistar rats induced by P. gingivalis bacteria. Material and Methods: This research uses a posttest-only control group design. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, each consisting of sixteen rats. The control group consisted of 16 male Wistar rats that were not induced with bacteria. The experimental group consisted of sixteen male Wistar rats with the induction of P. gingivalis bacteria. Results and Discussions: The results showed that the IL-6 levels in the healthy male Wistar rat group were lower than the IL-6 levels in the male Wistar rat group induced with P. gingivalis bacteria. More exposure to LPS due to the induction of P. gingivalis bacteria causes increased permeability of the gingival mucosal barrier, which can shift the tissue balance towards a pro-inflammatory state, resulting in increased production of IL-6. Conclusion: IL-6 levels increased in the gingiva of male Wistar rats induced with P. gingivalis bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Wayan Arni Sardi, Wayan Putu Sutirta Yasa, Ni Made Linawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Topical Gel Formulated With Ziziphus Spina-Christi Leaf Extract Decreases Lymphocyte Infiltration in Gingival Incision Wounds
Introduction: Gingival wounds are injuries in the oral cavity that may be caused by various factors such as trauma, infection, and periodontal disease. The wound healing process involves the activation of multiple immune cells, including lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are one of the three main types of phagocytic cells in the immune system and play a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity, being widely distributed throughout body tissues. One potential alternative material that may accelerate wound healing is the leaf of Ziziphus spina-christi L. (Arab Bidara), which is known to contain several secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and lipids, with wound-healing properties. This study is to investigate the effect of Arab Bidara leaf extract gel on lymphocyte count in gingival incision wounds of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and methods: This study was a randomized posttest-only control group experimental design. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group receiving Gengigel®, a placebo group, and a treatment group administered Arab Bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) leaf extract gel. The gel was applied topically in the oral cavity for six consecutive days. Observations were conducted on days 3 and 5. Results and Discussion: The results showed an increase in lymphocyte count on day 3 and a significant decrease in lymphocyte count on day 5 in the treatment group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the administration of Arab Bidara leaf extract gel has an effect on reducing lymphocyte count and is effective in accelerating gingival wound healing.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Ayu Dewi Haryani, Hervina, Made Talitha Suryaningsih Pinatih, Lee Youngwoo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Overview of Dental Caries and Treatment Needs in Early Childhood
Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries in children remains high in Indonesia. Primary teeth are particularly vulnerable to caries, yet parental awareness of children's oral health is often insufficient. As a result, children with caries often do not receive proper treatment. It is unfortunate when caries occur at an early age. This study aims to describe the occurrence of dental caries and the need for dental treatment in early childhood. Material and Methods: This study utilized a descriptive-analytic method with a cross-sectional approach, which involved 52 children, aged 3 to 5 years. Dental caries were assessed using the def-t index, while treatment needs were evaluated with the Required Treatment Index (RTI). The data collected were analyzed descriptively and further examined using the Mann-Whitney and Spearman's rank correlation test. Results and Discussions: The prevalence of dental caries in children was 57.69%, with an average def-t score of 2.62. Caries were most commonly found in the upper jaw, particularly affecting the primary first incisors, followed by the primary molars. The treatment needs index (RTI) was 99.26%, indicating that most carious teeth were left untreated, requiring dental treatment. There was no significant caries difference between boys and girls (p > 0.05). However, a significant correlation was found between age and caries frequency (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The average caries rate in primary teeth falls within the low category. However, nearly all affected teeth require treatment. Among children aged 3 to 5 years, caries prevalence tends to increase with age, and no difference between boys and girls.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yudha Rahina, I Gusti Agung Ayu Chandra Iswari Dewi, I Nyoman Panji Triadnya Palgunadi, Ni Putu Idaryati, I Wayan Agus Wirya Pratama, I Gusti Ayu Ratih Pramesti, Gusti Ayu Yohanna Lily https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of 3% Clove Leaf Extract Ointment (Syzygium Aromaticum) with Sodium Saccharin on Wound Healing
Introduction: Wound healing requires a complex process, involving biocellular and biochemical responses, as well as the formation of new tissue to restore bodily functions such as fibroblast production. Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) contain active compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, and eugenol, which can help reduce inflammation and support new tissue formation. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of a 3% clove leaf extract ointment combined with Sodium saccharin. Material and Methods: This was an in vivo experimental study using a post-test only control group design. Thirty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) aged 2-3 months with a body weight of 150-200 grams were randomly selected. The samples were divided into three treatment groups, namely negative control (Adeps lanae and Vaseline album), positive control (Enbatic ointment), and treatment group (3% clove leaf extract ointment with Sodium saccharin). An incision was made on the back of each rat, and then they were given treatment for 7 days. The number of fibroblasts was observed using a microscope with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data analysis used a one-way ANOVA test. Results and Discussions: Administration of 3% clove leaf extract ointment with Sodium saccharin can increase the number of fibroblasts compared to negative controls and positive controls. The results of the ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between the treatment group, positive control, and negative control (p < 0.05). This means that the ointment formulation provides better results in supporting wound healing compared to the control treatment. Sodium saccharin increases the comfort of using the ointment, also showing that its effectiveness is not significantly different compared to 3% clove leaf extract ointment without addition. Conclusion: A concentration 3% of clove leaf extract (Syzygium aromaticum) ointment supplemented with Sodium saccharin is more effective in increasing the number of fibroblast cells.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hendri Poernomo, Setiawan, Sebastian Pernando Hiro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of 10% and 15% Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper Crocatum) Against Enterococcus Faecalis as an Antibacterial Agent in Root Canal Treatment
Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a major cause of root canal treatment failure due to its resistance to conventional medicaments such as calcium hydroxide. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) extract at concentrations of 10% and 15% against E. faecalis. Materials and Methods: A true experimental design with a post-test only control group was used. Samples were divided into four groups: Piper crocatum 10% and 15%, positive control (10% Ca(OH)₂), and negative control (sterile aquadest). Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method, measuring inhibition zone diameters. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Results and Discussions: The results showed that both concentrations inhibited E. faecalis, with 15% producing greater inhibition than 10%, while Ca(OH)₂ remained the most effective. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Piper crocatum extract over 10% percentage has potential as a herbal alternative for intracanal medicament in root canal therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maya Sari Dewi, I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Tista, Daniel Bhernath Senduk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Banana Tree Sap Extract (Musa paradisiaca) on Collagen Density After Incision in Wistar Rats (Rattus novergicus) Infected with Staphylococcus aureus
Introduction: wounds in the oral cavity are at high risk of infection because of the large number of normal flora in the oral cavity that can be opportunistic, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Wound care is crucial, particularly the use of medications or materials that can aid in accelerating wound healing. One of the plants that can be used to heal wounds is the banana tree sap. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of banana tree sap extract on collagen density in wound healing of Wistar rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Materials and Methods: This study is a laboratory experimental study conducted in vivo with a post-test only control group design, using 24 rats divided into four groups. Namely, the negative control group, the group that was given the banana tree sap extract gel at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%. The in vivo test involved creating an incision wound in Wistar rats and subsequently infecting them with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The wound was then treated with gel extract twice daily. On the 7th day, specimens were decapitated to observe collagen density. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by the Games-Howell post hoc test. Results and Discussion: The administration of banana tree sap extract was effective in the wound healing process, as evidenced by an increase in collagen density in the treatment at all concentrations. The increase in collagen density is due to the banana tree sap extract gel containing active substances, namely flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids, which have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial roles, ward off free radicals, and stimulate collagen formation. Conclusion: 50% concentration of banana tree sap extract gel was more effective in increasing collagen density in the incision wound of Wistar rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus than concentrations of 30% and 40%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Sulistiawati Dewi, Setiawan, Tu Bagus Satria Pajajaran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Differences in The Effects of 15% Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera) Extract Gel and 70% Kecemcem (Spondias pinnata) Tree Bark on Gingiva Angiogenesis of Wistar Rats Post Curettage with Periodontitis Conditions
Introduction: Periodontitis, with a fairly high prevalence in the world, drives the need for periodontal treatment. Adjuvant therapy is needed in curettage treatment in periodontitis patients to accelerate the wound healing process. Moringa leaf extract and kecemcem tree bark have efficacious content as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and wound healing properties. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of 15% moringa leaf extract gel and 70% kecemcem tree bark on gingival angiogenesis in Wistar rats after curettage with periodontitis conditions. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into four groups: negative control (CMC-Na), positive control (hyaluronic acid), moringa leaf treatment, and kecemcem tree bark treatment. Periodontal pockets were induced by tying a silk thread to the mandibular incisors, then curettage was performed with a Sub-Zero curette (Osung). The mice were applied with gel types according to the group, then sacrificed on days 3, 5, and 7. Histological preparations were made for observation in three different fields of view using a light microscope with a magnification of 400x. Results and Discussion: The Average amount of angiogenesis in the kecemcem tree bark treatment group was higher than in all treatment groups. LSD results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between all treatment groups. Kecemcem tree bark gave higher results in increasing the amount of angiogenesis due to significant differences in concentration and the high content of β-sitosterol, which affects angiogenesis. Conclusion: There is a difference in the effect of 15% moringa leaf extract gel and 70% kecemcem tree bark on gingival angiogenesis in post-curettage Wistar rats with periodontitis conditions. Application of 70% kecemcem tree bark extract gel gave a better effect in increasing the amount of gingival angiogenesis in Wistar rats after curettage with periodontitis conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eka Pramudita Ramadhany, Ni Luh Desy Ayu Susilahati, Putu Vinia Suryawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of Color Uptake Effectiveness Between Disclosing Agent Tablets Derived from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Peel Extract and Its Fractions on Dental Plaque
Introduction: Plaque is a transparent layer that requires a coloring agent in the form of a disclosing agent to visualize it. Erythrosine, as one of the frequently used disclosing agents, has potential toxic side effects if used in the long term. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of color absorption between tablets based on extracts and fractions of mangosteen fruit peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) with erythrosine as a control. Materials and Methods: This study employed a laboratory experimental design with a post-test-only controlled group design. A total of 36 healthy dental samples were divided into 9 groups, which were soaked in saliva for 8, 24, and 48 hours. After plaque formation, tablets of extracts, mangosteen peel fractions, and erythrosine were applied to the teeth. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis using the One-way ANOVA test showed that erythrosine tablets had significantly higher color absorption than the extract and mangosteen peel fraction tablets. Conclusion: Erythrosine is still a more effective option in highlighting dental plaque, but mangosteen peel-based tablets can be a safer natural alternative with potential for further development. Further research is recommended to optimize the formulation of mangosteen peel tablets to improve their effectiveness and convenience in clinical applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indah Muslimah, Adisty Restu Poetri, Andina Rizkia Putri Kusuma, Ade Ismail Abdul Kodir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Analysis of Smile Component of Upper Lip Curvature of Balinese Students In The Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
Introduction: Aesthetics in dentistry is increasingly becoming a major concern for patients and is often used as the main reason for dental care. One of the goals of orthodontic treatment is to obtain optimal facial aesthetics. Facial aesthetics are closely related to an attractive smile. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the curvature of the upper lip in Balinese at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive study with analytically processed research data. The research design was cross-sectional, using a sample of 115 students from the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar as subjects. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were photographed in a social smile pose, and the resulting photos were edited using a computer program to see the shape of the curvature of the upper lip. Results: The results showed that the average curvature of the upper lip was 51.3% upper direction, 20% straight, and 28.7% lower direction. Discussion: The curvature of the upper lip is influenced by the movement of facial muscles such as orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, levator anguli oris, and zygomaticus major. Smile aesthetics are not only achieved by dentofacial improvements, but also accompanied by facial muscles that play an important role in facial aesthetics. Conclusion: The upward curvature of the upper lip was the most commonly found, followed by the downward and the straight curvature. There was no significant difference between males and females in the upper lip curvature in the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar students.
Gusti Agung Ayu Dimitria Aprilia Prabandika Putri
Copyright (c) 2025 Ketut Virtika Ayu, Wiwekowati, Norman Hidajah, Eko Sri Yuni Astuti, Gusti Agung Ayu Dimitria Aprilia Prabandika Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Body Posture and Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) in Online Game Players in Cimahi
Introduction: Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a musculoskeletal disorder that involves the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles, with symptoms such as pain, clicking sounds, and limited jaw movement. The etiology of TMD was multifactorial, one of which was Forward Head Posture (FHP), often triggered by poor body posture due to prolonged sitting, as in online gamers. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body posture (FHP) and Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) in online gamers in Cimahi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on online gamers in the Cimahi area using consecutive sampling techniques, resulting in 35 online gamers who met the inclusion criteria. The Subjects were asked to complete the FAI questionnaire to assess TMD, and CVA measurements were taken to evaluate the FHP. Results and Discussions: A total of 51.4% of subjects were identified as experiencing mild TMD, and 54.3% had mild FHP. Spearman’s correlation test yielded p = 0.449 (p > 0.05), indicating no significant difference. Conclusions: Online gamers with a CVA ≤ 50, indicating mild FHP, were also identified as experiencing mild TMD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azkya Patria Nawawi, Mutiara Sukma Suntana, Baiq Febyana Hidayah Amanda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Association of Palatal Rugae Patterns In The Maternal Lineage Between Biological Mothers And Daughters of The Minangkabau Ethnic Group In Padang City
Introduction: Palatal rugae are unique, anatomically stable ridges in the oral cavity that serve as reliable markers for forensic identification and genetic research. The Minangkabau ethnic group, known for its matrilineal kinship system, to provides a unique context to for exploring the hereditary transmission of such traits. This study aimed to examine the morphological similarities and differences in palatal rugae patterns between biological mothers and their daughters within the Minangkabau ethnic group in Padang City, Indonesia. Material and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional design was employed involving 53 mother-daughter pairs of confirmed Minangkabau descent. Intraoral digital scans were used to record rugae patterns which were categorized by shape and size based on established classifications. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test to assess intergenerational associations. Results and Discussion: Primary and secondary rugae patterns showed strong morphological similarities between mothers and daughters, indicating heritability. Notably, the wave-shaped rugae pattern was significantly more prevalent in daughters (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Palatal rugae patterns, particularly primary and secondary types, demonstrate maternal inheritance and have potential forensic relevance. The presence of unique ethnic-specific traits underscores the need for broader population-based classifications in forensic odontology and antropology
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Aisyah Farra Arman, Nila Kasuma, Reno Wiska Wulandari, Dewa Made Wedagama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Snake and Ladder Game Media on Knowledge of Oral Bad Habits Among Fifth-Grade Students at SDN 10, Padang
Introduction: Oral bad habits are habits that occur in the oral cavity that can cause abnormal tooth growth and development. Dental and oral health education is the first step in increasing children's knowledge and awareness of maintaining dental and oral health. The educational game of Snakes and Ladders can help children more easily understand and comprehend the knowledge they have acquired in an interesting way. Materials and Methods: This study is a pre-experimental study using a one-group pretest-posttest design with simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted by administering a questionnaire while playing the Snakes and Ladders game to fifth-grade students at SDN 10 Sungai Sapih Padang with four interventions. Results and Discussion: The sample size in this study was 21 students. The results showed that the average knowledge of students increased from 30% to 100% after the educational Snakes and Ladders game intervention. Conclusion: From the research results, it can be concluded that the use of the educational snake and ladder game can influence knowledge about oral bad habits among fifth-grade students at SDN 10 Sungai Sapih Padang (p=0.000).
Copyright (c) 2025 Zelin Jelita, Satria Yandi, Intan Batura Endo Mahata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Gender Identification Based on Ramus Mandibular Index and Gonial Index Through Panoramic Radiography in Javanese People
Introduction: Sex identification is an important first step in the forensic identification process because it can find a 50% probability of match in identifying individuals and can influence several other examination methods. The mandible is one of the facial bones that shows fairly clear sexual dimorphism. Mandibular morphometric analysis is often used in anthropology and forensic medicine to aid in sex identification. Material and Methods: A total of 62 panoramic radiographs consisting of 29 males and 33 females aged 15-25 years and of Javanese ethnicity were analyzed to determine the differences in the mandibular ramus index and mandibular gonial index variables between males and females using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results and Discussions: The results of the analysis showed significant differences in mandibular ramus height (p<0.05) and mandibular corpus length (p<0.05), with higher values in males than in females. Meanwhile, other variables such as the gonial angle, ramus width, anterior mandibular body height, and coronoid height did not show significant differences between the sexes (p>0.05). Conclusion: There are significant differences between the height of the mandibular ramus and the length of the mandibular body in males compared to females. Thus, the results of this study support previous findings that mandibular linear parameters can be used as reliable indicators in identifying.
Copyright (c) 2025 Icha Artyas Annariswati, Shintya Rizky Ayu Agitha, Eddy Hermanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Links Between Oral Function and Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Introduction: Currently, every country in the world is experiencing a growing older adults population, both in number and proportion. The aging process in older adults is parallel to a decline in numerous physiological functions, including oral function. Older adults who encounter decreased oral function are likely to manifest symptoms such as impaired articulation, episodes of choking during eating, and an increase in the amount of food they cannot chew. Recent research reports that decreased oral function may affect brain function and trigger the onset of cognitive decline. This article review aims to explores the connections between oral function and cognitive function in older adults. Review: Today’s view of oral health is more than the number of teeth present and whether or not oral hygiene is sufficient but also includes the ability to perform functions such as mastication, tongue and lip motor skills, salivary secretion and swallowing. Decreased oral function has led to the concept of oral frailty which characterized by a gradual decline in oral functions such as chewing, swallowing, tongue pressure, and oral motor skills. Initially proposed by Tanaka, oral frailty is now recognized not merely as a dental issue but as a potential early marker of broader systemic decline, including cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Decreased oral function could also be causative factor for the onset of cognitive decline in older adults.
Copyright (c) 2025 Astari Larasati, Lindawati S. Kusdhany, Czeresna Heriawan Soejono, Muslita Indrasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Oral Health And Psychological Well-Being
Introduction: People with mental illness often have poor physical health, and this issue has received a lot of attention. However, there has been less focus on the connection between oral health and physical health. This article discusses how oral and mental health are connected. Review: Dental treatment can cause anxiety and phobias. At the same time, many psychiatric disorders, such as severe mental illness, eating disorders, and depression, can lead to dental disease. These include things like caries, periodontitis, and canker sores. Psychotropic drugs, like antidepressants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications, can also cause oral health problems. Many people who get dental work do so while taking these kinds of drugs. Some of these drugs can cause problems like bruxism (grinding teeth), orofacial dystonia (muscle spasms in the face), oromandibular dyskinesia (uncontrollable movement of the jaw), and rabbit syndrome. These are all related to the way these drugs interact with dopamine receptors in the brain. Furthermore, other pharmaceuticals have been observed to induce xerostomia, a condition characterised by the absence of saliva in the oral cavity. Consequently, patients may be susceptible to infections, including candidiasis, if they do not receive adequate oral hydration. Conclusions: Some potential solutions have been suggested, ranging from the utilisation of standard oral health checklists completed by non-dental personnel to the management of dry mouth induced by medications, and the early referral of patients to dentists.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurfitri Amaliah, Yemy Ameliana, Carera Iva Harryadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Dental Caries in Children and The Role of Parents in its Prevention
Introduction: Dental health plays an important role, especially in child development, because dental problems in early childhood can affect tooth growth in the future. Cavities, which in medical terms are called dental caries, are one of the diseases that often occur in the teeth and mouth. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 60 to 90 percent of children in schools around the world experience tooth decay. Information from the Indonesian Dentists Association shows that at least 89 percent of cases of dental caries occur in young children. For this reason, the role of parents is needed in this case to prevent cavities in children. Review: Cavities are a condition in which the outermost to the deepest layer of the teeth (damaged by microorganisms that can ferment carbohydrates, resulting in acidic oral conditions. Parents have a very important role in maintaining the health of their children's teeth and mouths. A study shows that psychological and social factors of parents, such as maternal depression, low communication between family members, excessive attention, and stress, can harm children's oral health. Conclusion: Oral health is a public health issue that must be addressed immediately before the problem becomes more serious. Dental health plays an important role, especially in child development, because dental disorders at an early age can affect tooth growth in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muthia Syukma Pertiwi, Deaf Wahyuni Ramadhani, Hendra Suherman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rat Models of Periodontitis: A Focused Review on Ligature, Bacterial Inoculation, and LPS-Induced Approaches
Introduction: Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease that leads to progressive destruction of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This is due to a dysbiotic oral microbiome that triggers an exaggerated host immune response. Preclinical rat models are indispensable in periodontal research, allowing for controlled investigations of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Review: This review examines three widely used rat models of experimental periodontitis, including ligature-induced, oral bacterial inoculation, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The ligature-induced model is favored for its rapid and reproducible induction of localized inflammation and bone loss, although mechanical trauma may confound the microbial effects. Oral inoculation with pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis simulates natural infections and chronic progression, offering greater biological relevance. The LPS model provides a controlled inflammatory stimulus that facilitates the study of host immune pathways and cytokine expression; however, it lacks microbial complexity. Recent studies have explored the combination of ligature and LPS methods to synergistically intensify inflammation and bone loss, thereby improving model robustness for therapeutic evaluation. Conclusion: Each animal model offers specific benefits for studying periodontitis development and treatment. Although these models have certain limitations, ongoing improvements in research methods will increase their relevance to human health. Advances in technology, imaging, and microbiological techniques are expected to improve the accuracy and usefulness of these models. These developments will enhance our understanding of the disease and contribute to the discovery of more effective and targeted treatment options for periodontitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afifah Astarini, Debby Handayati Harahap, Ayeshah Rosdah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Tooth Extraction Management Using the Open Method Extraction Technique for the Maxillary First Molar
Introduction: Extraction is the act of extracting teeth and tooth roots from sockets involving bone tissue and soft tissue in the oral cavity. The ideal tooth extraction is the extraction of an intact tooth or root without causing pain. There are two types of tooth extraction techniques in dentistry, namely the open method and the closed method. Tooth extraction with the open method technique is carried out because many parts of the crown structure are missing, so that the tooth cannot be held using pliers or other instruments, which makes it difficult for the tooth to be extracted. In young patients with cases of buried root residual teeth, extraction can be done using the open method technique. Case: A 47-year-old female patient came to RSGM Saraswati Denpasar with a complaint that her upper right jaw tooth only had a root left and wanted to be extracted immediately, and wanted to have a denture. Objective examination of the patient's physical condition is good, with blood pressure 125/88 mmHg. Intraoral examination showed that there were remaining roots 16. Radiographic examination found the remaining roots from tooth 16, which were clinically invisible. Case Management: Case management with extractions of teeth 16 with local anesthesia, accompanied by alveoloplasty, was performed in the Minor Oral Surgery Unit of Saraswati Dental Hospital, Denpasar. Conclusion: Minor surgical treatment in hypertensive patients can be done by considering the patient's medical history, so it can ensure the right modification for safe tooth extraction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Luh Sudiasih, Ni Putu Dian Cipta Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Chronic Cheek and Tongue Biting in Tourette Syndrome: A Case Report and Short Review
Introduction: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics, often accompanied by neurobehavioral and psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Morsicatio buccarum (chronic cheek biting) and morsicatio linguarum (chronic tongue biting) are oral mucosal lesions primarily caused by recurrent self-inflicted trauma, frequently associated with psychological factors like anxiety or stress. While self-harming behaviors, including tongue and cheek biting, are observed in TS patients, the specific manifestation of morsicatio buccarum and linguarum as an associated feature in TS remains under-documented. This case report aims to highlight a compelling connection between morsicatio buccarum and linguarum and Tourette syndrome, particularly in the context of stress and anxiety, which can exacerbate both tics and oral parafunctional habits. Case: A 22-year-old male with a diagnosed history of Tourette syndrome presented with white linear elevations on the bilateral buccal mucosa and rough surfaces on the lateral borders of the bilateral tongue, which he had been aware of since elementary school. Intraoral examination confirmed diagnoses of morsicatio buccarum and morsicatio linguarum. Case Management: The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire was administered to assess psychological factors, which indicated severe depression and anxiety, and moderate stress. The patient received comprehensive communication, instruction, and education regarding his conditions. Conclusion: This case suggests that morsicatio buccarum and linguarum can be a behavioral manifestation or co-occurring condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najla Nadiah, Aura Sabita Rabbani, Rahmi Amtha, Adrianus Surya Wira Rajasa, Hrishikesh Sathyamoorthy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0