Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento

Identification of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at the Inpatient Unit of Dr. Sitanala Hospital, Tangerang, 2019-2021

Sefi Megawati — 2024-09-30

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the gradual decline of kidney function over one year or more. The primary functions of the kidneys include maintaining fluid balance, regulating blood electrolyte levels, ensuring acid-base homeostasis, and removing waste products and excess electrolytes. Drug-related problems (DRPs) are medication-related issues that can negatively impact patients' quality of life. This study aims to determine the prevalence of DRPs in CKD patients treated at Dr. Sitanala Hospital, Tangerang, during 2019-2021. This descriptive study used retrospective data collection, presenting the results as percentages. Ninety-two (92) patients met the inclusion criteria, with a gender distribution of 48 males (52.17%) and 44 females (47.83%). The most common age group was 56-65, accounting for 28 cases (30.43%). The prevalence of DRPs in hospitalized CKD patients was found to be 89 cases (96.74%), with the following breakdown: 19 cases (16.67%) of unnecessary drug therapy (TOTP), 15 cases (18%) requiring additional therapy (KTT), 79 cases (69.3%) of ineffective drugs (OTE), and 1 case (0.88%) of drugs with too high a dose (DTT), while no cases of drugs with too low a dose (DTR) were identified.

Hedonic Test of Scientific Antihypertensive Herbal Brewing for the Elderly at Wates Regional Hospital, Kulon Progo Regency

Catharina Apriyani Wuryaningsih Heryanto — 2024-09-30

Scientific herbal medicine has long been utilized by the public to address various health conditions, including hypertension. The practice of prescribing scientific herbal medicine has also been implemented in several herbal clinics, such as the Hortus Medicus clinic, though it is primarily limited to the local community around Tawangmangu. Given the growing interest in scientific herbal medicine, this study, in collaboration with industry partners, aimed to develop an antihypertensive herbal tea. The primary objective of this research was to conduct a hedonic test of the antihypertensive tea among the elderly population. The initial step involved assessing the preference for this antihypertensive tea among elderly patients at Wates Regional Hospital. The hedonic test evaluated respondents' reactions to the product's taste, color, aroma, and appearance. The results from 48 elderly respondents indicated a positive response, with a 62.5% preference for taste, 77.8% for aroma, and 100% for both color and appearance. In conclusion, all parameters were well-accepted by the majority of respondents, and further development of the product for commercial use is recommended.

Analysis of Prescription Accuracy Based on the National Formulary in Outpatient Patients at General Hospital in Pelaihari

Aulia Rahmah — 2024-09-30

The National Formulary serves as a tool for controlling the quality of drug use in healthcare facilities. In accordance with the National Hospital Service Quality Indicators, drug prescriptions must follow the guidelines set by the National Formulary, which is continuously updated, including the 2020 edition. This study aims to calculate the percentage of prescription accuracy based on the restrictions outlined in the 2020 National Formulary for outpatients. This retrospective study was conducted at Pelaihari General Hospital. The study population included all outpatient prescriptions issued during October 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. Prescription accuracy was analyzed by referring to the 2020 National Formulary. The results showed that 80.91% of prescribed medications were in accordance with the 2020 National Formulary. The average accuracy of prescriptions based on the restrictions in the 2020 National Formulary was 99.79%, with 99.84% accuracy in indication restrictions and 99.75% accuracy in prescriber authority restrictions.

The Effect of White Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.) Extract on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity

Ni Nyoman Wahyu Udayani — 2024-09-30

White turmeric is one of the medicinal plants known for its antioxidant properties. This research aims to investigate the antioxidant strength of white turmeric extract (Curcuma zedoaria) by assessing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in an oxidative stress model of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke. The study was conducted as an experimental research with a randomized post-test only control group design. Thirty rats were used, divided randomly into six groups: normal control, negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups with extract doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW. The extract was administered daily for 14 days. SOD levels were analyzed using SPSS 26 with the Tukey Post Hoc test. The results showed that the SOD levels in the serum of animals exposed to oxidative stress were 2.71 ng/ml, 2.86 ng/ml, and 3.32 ng/ml at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW, respectively. The dose of 300 mg/kgBW exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and showed potential to reduce oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoke exposure. This research adds valuable insight into the antioxidant activity of white turmeric ethanol extract and informs the public about its benefits as a natural antioxidant source, particularly in enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. It also highlights the potential for white turmeric to be standardized as an herbal product, paving the way for preclinical and clinical trials towards its development as a phytopharmaceutical product.

Formulation and Stability Test of Avocado Seed Acetone Extract Cream

I Gede Made Suradnyana — 2024-09-30

UV radiation can cause skin damage, thus requiring sunscreen and antioxidants for protection. Sunscreen absorbs or reflects UV rays, while antioxidants help increase antioxidant levels in skin tissues. Avocado seeds have potential as sunscreen and antioxidant agents, as the seed extract contains catechin, which can inhibit the enzymes tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical stability and the sunscreen and antioxidant activity of acetone avocado seed extract cream. The research stages included phytochemical screening, determination of total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity of the extract, cream formulation, physical and chemical stability tests, and sunscreen and antioxidant activity stability tests. The results showed that the extract tested positive for flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, phenols, and saponins. The extract's total flavonoid content and IC₅₀ were 68.58±0.88 mg QE/100 g and 7.14 µg/ml, respectively. After six months of storage, there were changes in the color and spreadability of the cream. The spreadability significantly decreased from 50.87±3.17 to 35.21±2.09 g.cm/second, the total flavonoid content decreased from 9.16±0.27 to 4.48±0.16 mg QE/100 g, and the antioxidant activity significantly decreased from 7.41 to 18.72 µg/ml. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the SPF value from 1.62±0.01 to 1.87±0.06. Based on these results, the acetone avocado seed extract cream was unstable regarding physical, chemical, sunscreen, and antioxidant activity after six months of storage at room temperature. To improve the stability of the preparation, buffering in an acidic environment, adding antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, and storing at a cool temperature, are recommended.

Evaluation of Dose Appropriateness and Potential Drug Interactions in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients at a Private Hospital in Denpasar, Bali

Pande Made Desy Ratnasari — 2024-09-30

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a chronic disease with a high mortality rate and increasing prevalence. Patients often experience complications from hemodialysis (HD) and comorbid conditions, leading to treatment complexity and polypharmacy. These factors increase the risk of drug-related problems, including inappropriate dosing and drug interactions. This study evaluated dose appropriateness and potential drug interactions in ESRD patients. The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 96 ESRD patients at the HD Clinic of a private hospital in Denpasar. Data collection was conducted in May 2021 using a data collection instrument based on medical records and purposive sampling techniques. Inclusion criteria included ESRD patients with or without complications and comorbidities, aged ≥18 years, and receiving ≥3 medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding patients were excluded. Dose adjustments were determined using the Cockcroft-Gault equation and therapeutic guidelines, while drug interactions were assessed using Stockley's Drug Interactions, Drug Interaction Facts, Drug Information Handbook, IBM Micromedex®, and Medscape®. The results showed that most patients were aged 45-59 years (46.88%), male (68.75%), had hypertension complications (42.31%), and had comorbid dyslipidemia (55.56%). Most patients received 5-7 drugs (40.62%), primarily vitamins (18.06%), administered once daily (38.26%) and orally (71.26%). A total of 23 prescriptions (23.96%) required dose adjustment, and 53.12% of prescriptions had potential drug interactions, mainly pharmacodynamic (82.72%), with moderate severity (87.65%) and risk category C (82.72%). Pharmacists' roles in reviewing prescriptions should be enhanced to prevent or minimize drug-related problems.

Formulation of White Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Extract Balm with Variations in Cera Alba Concentration as a Stabilizing Agent

I Gusti Ayu Nadia Prasta Unique — 2024-09-30

Balm is a semi-solid topical preparation that provides a warming sensation. Cera alba is commonly used as a stabilizing agent at 5% to 20% concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of varying concentrations of Cera alba on the physical stability of a balm containing white ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome extract. The balm was formulated with 5% white ginger rhizome extract and varying concentrations of Cera alba at 5%, 15%, and 20%. Stability testing was performed using the cycling test method, including organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, adhesion, and spreadability assessments. The results showed that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics and homogeneity without significant changes. An increase in pH and adhesion was observed in all formulations, although they remained within acceptable limits. However, the F0 (base only), F1, and F3 formulations demonstrated an increase in spreadability that did not meet the required criteria, while only the F2 formulation containing 15% Cera alba fulfilled all physical stability requirements before and after the cycling test. A 15% Cera alba concentration was identified as the optimal concentration to produce a stable balm that meets the required standards. These findings contribute to developing more effective and high-quality topical preparations and provide a valuable reference for the pharmaceutical industry in selecting the optimal composition for herbal-based balm products with Cera alba as a stabilizing agent.

Simultaneous Analysis for Determining Ascorbic Acid and Niacinamide Levels in Facial Serum Using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer with Chemometric Approach

Faradila Azzahra Suri — 2024-09-30

Ascorbic acid and niacinamide are active brightening ingredients in facial serum skin care products. These two active substances are used together in one product. This research aims to develop a method for analyzing ascorbic acid and niacinamide simultaneously using a chemometric UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The research was carried out by testing specificity using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, and development was carried out by building a Partial Least Square (PLS) model using 20 training sets, which were cross-validated through leave-one-out cross-validation to obtain 5 test sets. Next, internal and external validation was carried out on model and method validation tests focusing on linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Tests were carried out at wavelengths of 244 and 262 nm. The model and method validation tests' internal and external validation results meet USP requirements. The method for measuring ascorbic acid and niacinamide levels using a UV-Vis chemical spectrophotometer meets the appropriate method validation parameters. The results of concentration measurements in facial serum on the market showed that the sample contained 18.97% ascorbic acid and 13.74% niacinamide. Based on these results, the analysis method for determining the levels of AA and NAC using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer chemometrically has met the validity requirements according to USP.

Skin Revitalizing Red Dragon Fruit Peel Body Scrub: The Impact of Stearic Acid Variations and Comparison with Commercial Product

Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena — 2024-09-30

The red dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) Britton & Rose) is rich in antioxidants like vitamins C, E, and A, along with alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which protect against free radical damage. Despite its benefits, the peel is underused. This study compares the formulation and physical quality of a body scrub made from red dragon fruit peel extract to commercial products. Stearic acid was added to enhance consistency and stability, and commercial products served as benchmarks due to their compliance with physical, microbiological, and chemical standards. Formulations with stearic acid at 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) were tested for physical quality—organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability—over 63 days as an intermediate time points, at controlled room temperature. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 20 with a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). Results showed that all formulations maintained a consistent pH of 6 and homogeneity. The adhesion properties were consistent across all formulas, showing no significant difference (p = 0.815; p > 0.05). In contrast, the spreadability exhibited a statistically significant difference between formulas (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). Stability tests revealed no significant differences in physical quality over time, indicating that the formulations remained stable. The body scrub formulated with red dragon fruit peel extract demonstrated stability and quality comparable to commercially available product. This ensures that the active ingredients in the body scrub remain potent, enabling them to effectively deliver their antioxidant properties to the skin.

Toxicity Test of Temu Blenyeh (Curcuma purpuracens Blume) Ethanol Extract in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Amaria Dewi — 2024-09-30

Toxicity testing is an initial step to evaluate the bioactivity of compounds that may exhibit toxic effects. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used as the test animals. The rhizome of Curcuma purpurascens Blume is known to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins that potentially have toxic effects. The rhizome extract was standardized according to quality control tests. This study aimed to identify the toxic effects of the rhizome extract of Curcuma purpurascens and to determine its LC₅₀ value. The toxicity test method used was acute toxicity testing in zebrafish, observing the mortality rate over a 96-hour period. Each aquarium contained 7 zebrafish, and the tested extract concentrations were 1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 ppm. Mortality data were analyzed using the probit method with SPSS software to obtain the LC₅₀ value, which represents the concentration that statistically causes 50% mortality of the test population within 24 hours. The results showed that the rhizome extract of Curcuma purpurascens exhibited toxic effects with an LC₅₀ value of 83.7 ppm. This LC₅₀ value falls within the toxic category based on toxicity test parameters. These findings indicate that the bioactive compounds in the rhizome extract, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which act as stomach poisons, cell proliferation inhibitors, and apoptosis inducers, can be toxic to normal human cells but may be useful in cancer treatment.