Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento <p><a title="Profil Sinta JINTO" href="https://sinta.kemdikbud.go.id/journals/profile/7980" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento</strong></a> abbreviated as <em>JINTO</em>, with the registered e-ISSN <a title="e-ISSN Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento" href="https://issn.brin.go.id/terbit/detail/1409274190" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2356-4814</a>, is an <strong>open-access</strong> scientific journal in the field of pharmacy. Each and every manuscript in this journal is reviewed by two reviewers and conducted through a <em><strong>double-blind peer review</strong></em> system to ensure objectivity and high quality assessment. JINTO has been accredited by ARJUNA with a <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vd3DsOLOw5PUVxJOtpRo5NYBkbhcef5G/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SINTA 4</strong></a> ranking from Vol.5 No.1 in 2019 until Vol.9 No.2 in 2023. Starting from Vol.9 No.1 in 2023, the journal has been elevated to a <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jk-jJuFhmSvbfim1lPX5-HUY7J-hIux4/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>SINTA 2</strong></a> accreditation, as per the Decree of the Director General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, Number <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jk-jJuFhmSvbfim1lPX5-HUY7J-hIux4/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">177/E/KPT/2024</a>, dated October 15, 2024.</p> <p>Initially published by the Akademi Farmasi Saraswati Denpasar, the journal transitioned to being published by the <a title="Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar" href="http://farmasi.unmas.ac.id/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar</strong>,</a> in early 2019 following the integration of the academy into the university as its Faculty of Pharmacy.</p> <p>JINTO is published biannually in <strong>March</strong> and <strong>September</strong> and aims to disseminate current scientific knowledge to researchers in the pharmacy field. The journal accepts original research articles and review articles encompassing <strong>various areas of pharmaceutical science</strong>, including <em>Pharmacology and Toxicology</em>; <em>Clinical and Community Pharmacy</em>; <em>Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis</em>; <em>Pharmaceutical Biology and Natural Products</em>; <em>Pharmaceutical Technology</em>; <em>Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology</em>; <em>Regulatory Affairs and Pharmacy Marketing Research</em>; and <em>Alternative medicine</em>.</p> Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar en-US Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 2356-4814 Analytical Methods for Revealing the Composition of Fruit Flavor E-Cigarette E-Liquid: A Review https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento/article/view/11099 <p>The use of e-cigarettes is increasing, one of which is due to fruit-flavored e-liquids. The chemical compounds that make up these flavors play a role in providing flavor characteristics, but if inhaled, they can potentially negatively affect health. Understanding what chemical compounds are found in e-liquid flavors is very important to determine the toxicity effects of e-cigarettes. This article aimed to review the analytical methods that had been carried out by previous studies in identifying e-liquid flavor compounds. Literature was collected through searches in reputable scientific databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords. From the initial search, 35 relevant articles were found and then selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 10 articles for further analysis. The selected literature consisted of research focusing on chromatographic methods, specifically Gas Chromatography (GC) and Liquid Chromatography (LC). Further developments, such as the combination of GC with Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS), as well as LC with MS/MS and Electrospray Ionization (ESI), were shown to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. These findings emphasize the importance of choosing the right analytical method for the compounds to be identified. The results also discuss the advantages and challenges, which can guide in choosing the right analytical method to promote the development of better safety standards.</p> Aghnia Nabila Mochammad Yuwono Mochammad Taha Ma'ruf Shalsa Septia Zulni Copyright (c) 2025 Aghnia Nabila, Mochammad Yuwono, Mochammad Taha Ma'ruf, Shalsa Septia Zulni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2025-03-23 2025-03-23 11 1 14 24 10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.11099 Effectiveness and Side Effects in the Management of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB): A Narrative Review https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento/article/view/9685 <p>Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) leads to a reduced cure rate for tuberculosis treatment. The global number of MDR-TB cases remained relatively stable between 2015 and 2020 but increased in 2021. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 437,000 MDR-TB cases worldwide, which rose to 450,000 cases in 2021. Various treatment regimens recommended by the WHO require a review of the literature on the efficacy and side effects of drug use in MDR-TB. This review aims to provide updated information that can be used as a reference for the early identification and management of side effects. The article was a narrative review that collected and analyzed information from various international articles on databases such as PubMed, PlosOne, and ScienceDirect from January 2014 to June 2024. A total of six relevant articles were synthesized from 609 articles. The effectiveness of MDR-TB therapy with WHO-recommended drugs has shown a high cure rate (cured&gt;50%). The incidence of side effects in MDR-TB therapy is smaller compared to the effectiveness of treatment. However, a study conducted at Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital in China from July 2019 to December 2020 showed that all study subjects experienced side effects. This included nausea and vomiting from protionamide, gatifloxacin, and ethambutol; hyperuricemia from pyrazinamide, and hyperpigmentation from clofazimine. It is recommended that a therapy regimen be selected based on culture test results, patient conditions, and drug availability in each country.</p> Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya Herleeyana Meriyani Rr. Asih Juanita Nyoman Budiartha Siada Lusy Noviani Copyright (c) 2025 Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya, Herleeyana Meriyani, Rr. Asih Juanita, Nyoman Budiartha Siada, Lusy Noviani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2025-03-30 2025-03-30 11 1 25 39 10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.9685 The Nature of Opioids Used as Pain Management in A Public Hospital in Bali https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento/article/view/10105 <p>Opioids are the mainstay of pain management, particularly in chronic pain-related and nonrelated cancer. Studies have shown that the number of opioids used globally varies. It was used excessively in some parts, while in others, it was underused. Little study is known on how opioids are used in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify indications of opioids prescribed and types of opioids used, as well as assess the nature of opioid therapy as pain management for chronic and non-related cancer. This retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Bali, Indonesia. Data was collected from all inpatients who received opioids in the hospital from 2018 to 2020. Patients’ age, gender, as well as opioid information such as types of opioids and used for treatment for cancer or non-cancer patients, were pooled and analyzed descriptively. This study found that fentanyl injection was the most opioid prescribed by anesthesiologists as preoperative medications. Opioids were prescribed mostly for non-cancer patients, and limited opioids were prescribed for cancer patients. Future research is required to evaluate factors that influence opioid prescriptions in hospitals.</p> Desak Ketut Ernawati Agata Widatama Copyright (c) 2025 Desak Ketut Ernawati, Agata Widatama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2025-03-23 2025-03-23 11 1 1 6 10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.10105 Carrageenan from Balinese Red Seaweed (Gracilaria sp). as Antibacterial against Eight Pathogenic Bacteria https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento/article/view/10349 <p>The increase in infection cases every year, coupled with the rise in resistance cases, increases the urgency of exploring antimicrobial agents. <em>Gracilaria</em> sp. is a red seaweed that is widely known as one of the potential producers of active metabolites, sulfated polysaccharides. Carrageenan is one form of sulfated polysaccharide that has antimicrobial activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of carrageenan derived from <em>Gracilaria</em> sp. against several pathogenic bacteria, including <em>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes</em>, and <em>Salmonella typhi</em>. Carrageenan was extracted from Gracilaria sp. samples obtained from the South Denpasar area (Bali) using KOH. An antibacterial activity assay of carrageenan was carried out using an agar well diffusion method with nutrient agar media. Tests were conducted at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/mL (<em>E. coli </em>and <em>S. epidermidis</em>), 20, 30, 40 mg/mL (<em>S. aureus, S. pyrogenes, E. faecalis, </em>and<em> S. typhi</em>), 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL (<em>P. aeruginosa </em>and<em> K. pneumoniae</em>). Incubation was carried out for 24 hours at ± 37 °C. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that carrageenan extracted from <em>Gracilaria</em> sp. exhibited significant antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria, especially gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity produced in this study was proportional to the increase in concentration, where the inhibitory activity produced increased as the concentration of carrageenan increased. It can be concluded that carrageenan has the potential to be an antibacterial.</p> Maria Malida Vernandes Sasadara Erna Cahyaningsih Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi Putu Era Sandhi Kusuma Yuda I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani Debby Juliadi Ni Kadek Dila Pratiwi Putri Ni Kadek Nisa Leoni Putri I Wayan Agus Darmawan Ni Kadek Pradnya Yanti Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Malida Vernandes Sasadara, Erna Cahyaningsih, Ni Luh Kade Arman Anita Dewi, Putu Era Sandhi Kusuma Yuda, I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani, Debby Juliadi, Ni Kadek Dila Pratiwi Putri, Ni Kadek Nisa Leoni Putri, I Wayan Agus Darmawan, Ni Kadek Pradnya Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2025-03-23 2025-03-23 11 1 6 13 10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.10349 Factors Associated with Length of Stay of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients at a Regional General Hospital in Bali https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/Medicamento/article/view/9852 <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) reported one to five million dengue infections from 2020 to 2022. According to Indonesian Health Profile data in 2020, the province of Bali had the highest Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Incidence Rate (IR), 273.1 morbidity, and a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 0.2%. The longer the patient's stay, the greater the costs are incurred for hospital treatment. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors influencing the length of stay of DHF patients with complications and comorbidities. This study was an observational study. Medical record data of DHF patients with complications and comorbidities were collected using a retrospective technique from January 2020 to December 2020 during hospitalization at a regional public hospital in Bali. The independent variables in this study include age, the severity of DHF, complications and comorbidities, and the amount of fluid therapy patients use during hospitalization. The dependent variable in this study is the patient's length of stay. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables was analyzed using logistic regression with a significance level set at p&lt;0.05. There were 115 hospitalized DHF patients with complications and comorbidities, consisting of 52% males and 48% females. Most patients were in the age range of 6-11 years (43%). Based on the analysis that has been carried out, there is a factor that is significantly related to the length of stay of DHF patients, namely the use of the amount of fluid therapy (p=0.02). The findings of this study support the evaluation of DHF therapy, particularly in selecting the type and volume of fluids.</p> Nyoman Budiartha Siada Rr Asih Juanita Copyright (c) 2025 Nyoman Budiartha Siada, Rr Asih Juanita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2025-03-30 2025-03-30 11 1 40 47 10.36733/medicamento.v11i1.9852