Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, abbreviated as JINTO, with the registered e-ISSN 2356-4814, is an open-access scientific journal in the field of pharmacy. Each and every manuscript in this journal is reviewed by at least two reviewers and conducted through a double-blind peer review system to ensure objectivity and high-quality assessment. JINTO has been accredited by ARJUNA with a SINTA 4 ranking since Vol. 5 Issue 1 in 2019. Starting from Vol. 9 Issue 1 in 2023, the journal has been elevated to a SINTA 2 accreditation, as per the Decree of the Director General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 177/E/KPT/2024, dated October 15, 2024. JINTO is published biannually in March and September and aims to disseminate current scientific knowledge to researchers in the pharmacy field. The journal accepts original research articles and review articles encompassing various areas of pharmaceutical science, including Pharmacology and Toxicology; Clinical and Community Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis; Pharmaceutical Biology and Natural Products; Pharmaceutical Technology; Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology; Regulatory Affairs and Pharmacy Marketing Research; and Alternative medicine. A total of thirty-eight (38) articles published in Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento have been cited by articles in Scopus-indexed journals, with a total of 70 citations (updated January 2026). Total citations (Google Scholar): 2,444 Total documents/articles published: 218 h-index: 22; i10-index: 72; Impact Factor (SINTA data): 1.12 Acceptance rate: 29%
Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar
Anti-Aging Efficacy of Mangrove Leaf Extract Cream Assessed by SPF and Collagen Density Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches
Background: Excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a major contributor to skin photoaging through oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation. Mangrove leaf extract (Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig) contains bioactive compounds with potential photoprotective properties. In this study, the extract was formulated into an oil-in-water (O/W) cream suitable for cosmetic applications. Objective: This study aimed to determine the in vitro sun protection factor (SPF), percentage of erythema transmission (%Te), and percentage of pigmentation transmission (%Tp) of the mangrove leaf extract cream, and to evaluate its effectiveness on UVB-exposed guinea pig skin using collagen density as an anti-aging biomarker. Methods: In vitro assessments of SPF, %Te, and %Tp were performed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. In vivo evaluation was conducted using 20 guinea pigs to examine the effect of the cream on collagen density through histopathological analysis of UVB-exposed skin. Results: The mangrove leaf extract cream exhibited strong photoprotective activity, with SPF values ranging from 20.68 ± 0.51 to 33.70 ± 0.67, %Te values from 3.13 ± 0.08 to 1.75 ± 0.03, and %Tp values from 4.40 ± 0.12 to 3.31 ± 0.03. Furthermore, the cream significantly increased collagen density (71.77 ± 5.27–81.02 ± 0.96) compared with the positive control (52.16 ± 2.32) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The mangrove leaf extract cream provides effective protection against UVB radiation, characterized by high-protection SPF, extra-protection %Te, and sunblock-level %Tp. The 5% formulation significantly enhanced collagen density, supporting its potential as a natural anti-aging active ingredient for photoaging prevention through improved UV protection and dermal structure.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani, Ketut Agus Adrianta, Ni Nyoman Wahyu Udayani, Meriana Barreto Amaral, Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Chemical and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Stability of Avocado Seed Acetone Extract Against pH Changes
Background: Avocado seeds contain phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanidin compounds that have antioxidant activity. The stability of phenolic compounds depends on the pH of the solution. A decrease in total phenolic levels causes a decrease in antioxidant activity. The chemical stability and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of avocado seed extract against pH are not yet known. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of pH on the chemical stability and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of avocado seed extract. Methods: Chemical stability was observed from changes in total phenolic levels, and stability of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was observed from the difference in the percentage of DPPH reduction of the extract solution in phosphate-citrate buffer at pH 3.24, 5.52, and 7.44 before and after being heated at 60°C for 2 hours. Results: The average decrease in total phenolic levels of the extract in buffer pH 3.24, 5.52, and 7.44 before and after being heated was 5.76%, 3.89%, and 22.08%, respectively. The decrease in DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extract in buffer pH 3.24, 5.52, and 7.44 before and after heating was 24.78%, 1.96%, and 56.09%, respectively. There is a significant difference in the total phenolic content and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the acetone extract solution in phosphate–citrate buffer at pH 3.24 and 7.44 before and after heating, but there is no significant difference at pH 5.52. Conclusion: Therefore, in the development of formulations containing acetone extract of avocado seeds, buffering at a pH close to 5.22 is required.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gede Made Suradnyana, Debby Juliadi, Ni Nyoman Yudianti Mendra, Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determinants of Medication Adherence Intention in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Theory of Planned Behavior in Javanese Society
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) requires long-term therapy, which may reduce patients’ adherence to medication and ultimately lead to treatment failure. Objective: This study aimed to analyze factors influencing medication adherence intention among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among patients diagnosed with T2DM in Purworejo Regency, Central Java. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using binary logistic regression in SPSS version 25. A total of 382 respondents were included in the analysis. Results: Most participants were female, aged 55–65 years, employed, and had an elementary school education or equivalent. The proportion of respondents with high medication adherence intention was 85.9%. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control jointly explained 53.6% of the variance in medication adherence intention. Among these variables, subjective norm demonstrated the strongest association with adherence intention (OR = 197.019; p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that social influence, particularly encouragement and support from family members and healthcare providers, plays a dominant role in shaping medication adherence intention within a collectivist socio-cultural setting. Integrating culturally sensitive, family-centered approaches into diabetes management programs may therefore strengthen adherence intention and improve long-term treatment outcomes among patients with T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fransiska Indah Pratiwi, Aris Widayati, Pramitha Esha Nirmala Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
General Practitioners’ Perceptions of Collaboration with Pharmacists in Primary Care Settings: A Study Driven by Social Capital Theory and Theory of Planned Behavior
Background: Pharmacists are expected to take up broader clinical roles and collaborate with general practitioners (GPs); however, data on the perception of GPs’ in the primary care settings is lacking. Objective: This study aimed to explore GPs’ perceptions driven by Theory Planned Behavior (TPB) and Social Capital Theory (SCT) towards collaboration with pharmacists in primary care settings. Methods: Interviews using questionnaires (with a combination of open-and closed-ended questions) were conducted with GPs at all Puskesmas in East Surabaya (n=14). Descriptive analysis was used to summarize data from closed-ended questions, and thematic analysis was used for open-ended questions. Results: A total of 28 GPs of 14 Puskesmas were included (i.e., 2 GPs per Puskesmas). The mean scores of each dimension for intrapersonal perceptions (based on TBP): 1) attitude (2.6 – positive); 2) subjective norms (3.3 – positive), 3) difficulty (2.75 – low). While the mean scores for interpersonal perceptions (based on SCT): 1) level of trust (5.7 – high); 2) level of social capital (6.0 – high). There were five themes for basic trusts: i) daily performance, ii) pharmacy skills and knowledge, iii) work experience, iv) performance track records, v) ability to communicate and collaborate with GPs. This study highlighted while GPs generally have positive perceptions, some items warrant considerations, such as negative experience with pharmacists (39.3%), lack of support from management (92.9%), and perceived difficulty to practice collaboration due to workload, cost and facilities. Additionally, 42.9% of GPs reported that they cannot fully trust delegating work to pharmacists. Conclusions: Findings from this study should provide guidance to develop strategies to optimize collaborative practice with GPs, thus facilitating the expanded clinical roles of pharmacists in primary care settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabby Lovarya, Yosi Irawati Wibowo, Adji Prayitno Setiadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Association between Resistance of Sepsis-Inducing Bacteria to First-Line Antibiotics and Sepsis Outcome: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Sepsis is a significant infectious disease linked to high mortality rates. Several bacterial pathogens that cause sepsis have shown resistance to first-line antibiotics. This resistance in sepsis-causing bacteria to initial antibiotic agents threatens treatment success, elevating mortality risk, healthcare costs, and prolonged hospital stays. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the resistance of sepsis-causing bacteria to first-line antibiotics and sepsis treatment outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was a single-center retrospective study. Data were collected from sepsis patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Bali between 2022 and 2023. The patients included in this study were those with a positive bacterial infection, as provided in the culture result. Therapy outcomes were evaluated based on discharge status: improved or unimproved (deceased). The resistance of sepsis-causing bacteria to first-line antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, and vancomycin, was assessed through blood cultures. The relationship between antibiotic resistance and therapy outcomes was analyzed using the Gamma correlation coefficient. This study included 57 of 108 sepsis patients, primarily male (57.89%) and older than 60 years (57.89%). Results: A strong, significant positive correlation was observed between the resistance of sepsis-causing bacteria to third-generation cephalosporins and therapy outcomes (p=0.001; r=0.637). In contrast, resistance to fluoroquinolones (p=0.108; r=0.387), fourth-generation cephalosporins (p=0.377; r=-0.199), piperacillin-tazobactam (p=0.816; r=-0.060), and vancomycin (p=0.911; r=0.030) did not significantly impact therapy outcomes. The outcome of sepsis therapy is associated with resistance of sepsis-causing bacteria to third-generation cephalosporins but not to fluoroquinolones, fourth-generation cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, or vancomycin. This study uses a relatively small sample size, which precludes subgroup analyses. Conclusion: Non-significant findings for some antibiotics may reflect insufficient power; further study is needed to assess the correlation between resistance of sepsis-causing bacteria to fluoroquinolones, fourth-generation cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, and vancomycin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Herleeyana Meriyani, Dwi Arymbhi Sanjaya, Rr. Asih Juanita, Nyoman Budiartha Siada, I Wayan Maysa Yudiartha, Kadek Suryawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Meloxicam Nanocrystals with HPMC and Decyl Glucoside for Enhanced Solubility
Background: Low solubility in water is a major obstacle for Meloxicam (MLX) and has implications for its limited bioavailability. Nanocrystallization techniques show potential for improving drug solubility, but nanoparticles tend to aggregate, suggesting the use of a combination of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and Decyl Glucoside (DG) as stabilizers to overcome this problem. Objective: This study aims to develop and characterize meloxicam nanocrystals (MLX-NC) with a combination of HPMC and DG in an effort to improve solubility. MLX-NC was synthesized using ultrasonication and dried by lyophilization. Methods: The resulting formulation exhibited excellent physical stability over 28 days, as evidenced by consistent particle size (~11 nm) and polydispersity index (<0.3). Physical evaluation and characterization were performed, including particle size analysis (DLS), zeta potential, particle morphology (SEM), thermal analysis (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and saturated solubility testing. Results: The MLX-NC formulation showed a more than 200-fold increase in solubility compared to pure MLX, from 0.005 mg/mL to 1.064 mg/mL. XRD and DSC analyses confirmed that the nanocrystallization process converted the crystalline phase of MLX into an amorphous phase. These results indicate that induced amorphization can significantly improve solubility. Conclusion: The solubility of MLX can be significantly improved using ultrasonication combined with HPMC and DG. This approach has the potential to overcome the solubility limitations of BCS Class II drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Achsan Al-Hakim, Titta Hartyana Sutarna, Hestiary Ratih, Karina Putriani Azzara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Marine Fungi Associated with the Sponge Pseudoceratina sp. from Amed Coastal Waters, Bali, Indonesia
Background: Marine fungi are organisms capable of growth and spore production in the marine environment and establishing symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms. Because of their high biochemical diversity, marine fungi are considered a potential source for the discovery of new natural compounds with various biological activities. Objective: This study aims to conduct molecular identification and assess the bioactivity potential of the methanol extract obtained from endophytic fungi associated with the marine sponge Pseudoceratina sp. from the Amed Coastal Waters, Bali. Methods: Eight marine fungi were isolated in this study and identified through molecular biology protocol as Aspergillus tamarii SP-3-1-4, Aspergillus nomiae SP-3-2 (A), Penicillium citrinum SP-3-2-1, Aspergillus protuberus SP-3-2-3, Aspergillus sydowii SP-3-2-4, Aspergillus sydowii RM NS SP-3B, Aspergillus clavatonanicus RM NS SP-3-2 A, and Aspergillus nomiae RM NS SP-3-2 B. The fungi were subsequently fermented on rice media containing salt and/or without salt. In the final stage of fermentation, secondary metabolites were extracted using ethyl acetate, followed by liquid-liquid extraction using methanol containing 10% water and n-hexane. The resulting methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and bioassays. Results: The phytochemical screening results of the methanol extracts showed that all extracts contained alkaloids. Among the tested extracts, the extract obtained from the fermentation of the fungus A. protuberus SP-3-2-3 on rice medium with the addition of salt showed the highest activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 3351 with an inhibition zone diameter of 7.99±0.20 mm. The fungus A. sydowii SP-3-2-4 cultured with and without salt in rice media exhibited the most potent antioxidant capacity, with IC50 values of 37.02±1.12 and 32.48±0.81 µg/mL. Conversely, A. nomiae SP-3-2 (A), fermented without salt, displayed the highest toxicity with an LC50 value of 0.88±0.69 µg/mL. Conclusion: Based on the pharmacological potential of extracts produced by the marine fungi associated with the sponge Pseudoceratina sp. found in the present study, identification of bioactive secondary metabolites and their mode of action is propitious for further investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Made Agus Kusuma Adi, Ni Komang Diah Eka Witantri, Ni Made Widya Wulandari, Ni Putu Eka Leliqia, I Nengah Wirajana, Joko Tri Wibowo, Ismail Ware, Ni Putu Ariantari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Revealing Phytopharmaceutical Insights into Jaras Gambo Extract from Uncaria gambir Roxb. against Breast Cancer Using Network Pharmacology and ADME/Tox Approach
Background: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of mortality in women and demands multi-target strategies that can address pathway redundancy and resistance. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the bioactive constituents of Jaras Gambo Toman extract and evaluate its potential anti-breast cancer activity through an integrated network pharmacology and molecular docking approach. Methods: Jaras Gambo (processed gambier sap mass; Uncaria gambir Roxb.) collected in Babat Toman, South Sumatra, was macerated in ethanol, and the macerate was then filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude extract. Its constituents were profiled by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS). Network pharmacology (target prediction, pathway enrichment, and drug-likeness/toxicity screening) was integrated with structure-based molecular docking to prioritize active constituents and predict their interactions with breast cancer–related proteins. Results: The results of the analysis show therapeutic potential through the significant binding affinity between the bioactive components of the extract and proteins in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, particularly AKT1, TP53, BCL2, TNF, and EGFR. Molecular interactions are suggested by favorable binding affinity parameters accompanied by the formation of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds at the active sites of key residues. The involvement of several signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway, may represent key mechanistic pathways of bioactive compounds in targeting disease proteins. Further characterization showed that there are eight main active components, including chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, morin hydrate, naringenin, quercetin, eriodictyol, ribofuranoside, and scopoletin, which showed docking profiles comparable to erlotinib across selected targets. Conclusion: These results suggest the potential of Jaras Gambo Toman extract as a potential source of multi-target bioactive compounds for further breast cancer research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rafiqah Nur Viviani, Nathasya Shasykirana Mahendra, Shaum Shiyan, Galih Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digitalization of HYPOGLYRISK and Evaluation of Its Utility for Pharmacist-Led Hypoglycemia Risk Assessment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Background: We developed a tool for pharmacists to facilitate screening of medication-related hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), called HYPOGLYRISK. Although this instrument has been validated and proven reliable, the paper-based version was considered inefficient and prone to human error during routine screening. Objective: This study aimed to digitalize HYPOGLYRISK and evaluate its utility compared with the printed version. Methods: A mixed-method study design combining software development and a quasi-experimental trial was used. In the development stage, the application was created using Android Studio and validated through Black Box Testing and User Acceptance Testing (UAT). In the trial stage, 46 pharmacists participated and were divided into two groups using either the digital or paper-based HYPOGLYRISK to assess simulated ambulatory T2DM patients representing different hypoglycemia risk categories. The primary outcome was assessment time efficiency, while the secondary outcome was the potential for human error. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and relative risk analysis. Results: The digital HYPOGLYRISK demonstrated significantly shorter assessment time compared with the conventional version (p<0.05) and reduced the probability of scoring errors by 3.3 times (p<0.05). The digital application also provided additional advantages, including efficiency, scalability, ease of use, rapid data access, and simplified data management. Conclusion: These findings suggest that digital HYPOGLYRISK can enhance pharmacist-led hypoglycemia risk assessment among ambulatory patients with T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Made Krisna Adi Jaya, Zullies Ikawati, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, I Gusti Ngurah Anom Cahyadi Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Extract Tablets Using Pregelatinized Starch and Explotab
Background: Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is recognized as a rich botanical source of secondary metabolites that exhibit notable antioxidant properties. Objective: The present investigation sought to examine how variations in disintegrant type and proportion—specifically pregelatinized starch and Explotab—influenced the physical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of tablets prepared from basil leaf ethanol extract. Methods: Three distinct formulations were developed based on differing pregelatinized starch-to-Explotab ratios: Formula I (0:1), Formula II (1:1), and Formula III (1:0). All prepared tablets underwent comprehensive physical evaluation and stability assessment, while antioxidant potential was quantified through the DPPH radical scavenging method. The formulation optimization process employed the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) methodology executed via Design-Expert® version 13 software. Results: Experimental findings demonstrated that the ratio variation between pregelatinized starch and Explotab exerted measurable effects on both granule and tablet physical attributes. Specifically, pregelatinized starch was found to predominantly elevate bulk density, weight uniformity, and disintegration time, whereas Explotab exhibited a stronger regulatory influence over moisture content, flow rate, Carr’s index, and tablet friability. The optimal formulation was identified as containing 6.72% pregelatinized starch combined with 1.27% Explotab. Notably, all three formulations demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values spanning from 33.78 to 39.52 ppm. One-way ANOVA statistical evaluation revealed no significant interformulation differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The collective data supports the conclusion that a strategic combination of pregelatinized starch and Explotab yields basil extract tablets with satisfactory physical quality alongside preserved antioxidant efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayatus Sa`adah, Halimatus Sya’diyah, Achmad Kadri Ansyory; Supomo Supomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Photoprotective Activities of Standardized Anredera scandens (L.) Moq. Leave Extract: an In-Vitro Study on UVB Absorption and UVA Protection
Background: Skin cancer is a worldwide disease caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB rays. Interest in discovering new natural ingredients with photoprotective activity has increased research to find plants containing high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Objective: This research aimed to assess the in vitro photoprotective activity of ASL (ethanol extract of Anredera scandens (L.) Moq. leaves) standardized based on the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Methods: Extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. Parameters used to determine quality are drying loss, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content. Photoprotective activity against UVB rays was determined by measuring SPF value using the Mansur spectrophotometric method, while activity against UVA rays was tested using the trans-resveratrol degradation model. Results: Results indicate that ASL extract fulfilled quality requirements based on total flavonoid content (9.983 ± 0.090%) and total phenolic content (13.098 ± 0.611%). The SPF value was increased proportional to the increase in concentration. The sample showed an SPF value of 5.96 when tested at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. SPF value reached 27.9 at 1,000 µg/mL. The UVA photoprotection assay indicated that the ASL extract provided limited protection against trans-resveratrol degradation, with a reduction of 18.90%, which was lower than the positive control but still significantly better than the negative control. Conclusion: ASL extract can be developed as a candidate for a natural-based photoprotective active ingredient, used as a single agent or supportive component for sunscreen products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Oka Samirana, I Gusti Agung Anom Krisna Nugraha, Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biochemoinformatics Screening of Chemical Constituents from Laportea aestuans L. Leaves as Potential Prostate Cancer Inhibitors
Background: Prostate cancer remains a major cause of morbidity among men worldwide, with current therapies limited by resistance and toxicity. Natural compounds offer promising alternatives due to their structural diversity and biological compatibility. Objective: This study evaluated seven bioactive constituents from Laportea aestuans L. leaves as potential inhibitors of prostate cancer-related targets using molecular docking and pharmacokinetic profiling. Methods: Seven bioactive compounds were identified through phytochemical literature review. Molecular docking simulations were executed using AutoDock4, with interaction analysis validated via PyMOL and UCSF Chimera. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic properties and toxicological profiles were predicted using the ADMETlab webserver to assess drug-likeness and safety parameters. Results: Docking simulations revealed that LA6 exhibited the strongest affinity toward CDK2 (–9.97 kcal/mol) through hydrogen bonding with Asp145 and Lys33, while Chrysenol bound PDGFRA (–9.12 kcal/mol) at Glu644 and Val658. Compounds LA2, LA4, and LA5 also showed stable interactions with GSK-3β, suggesting modulation of Wnt signaling. ADME analysis indicated high gastrointestinal absorption and compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, whereas LA6 and Chrysenol demonstrated mutagenicity and hepatotoxicity risks. Distribution profiling revealed high plasma protein binding (>90%) and moderate blood-brain barrier permeability, particularly for LA6. Conclusion: These findings highlight L. aestuans L. derivatives as promising lead candidates for prostate cancer therapy, though further in vitro and in vivo validation is required to confirm efficacy and optimize safety. This integrative computational approach underscores the role of bioinformatics in accelerating natural product-based drug discovery.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Surya Rahadi, Rina Herowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Understanding the Safety Profile of Imatinib in Asian Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients: A Systematic Review
Background: The treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia has advanced substantially since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, particularly imatinib. However, adverse events associated with imatinib may affect adherence and quality of life, highlighting the importance of understanding safety outcomes across populations. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on hematologic and non-hematologic adverse events associated with imatinib use among chronic myeloid leukemia patients in Asia. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for studies published between January 2020 and July 2025. Eligible studies were synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity. Adverse events were extracted as reported and graded using standardized toxicity criteria, and causality assessment was applied when available. Study quality was evaluated using established critical appraisal tools. Five studies from India, China, and Taiwan met the inclusion criteria. Results: The most frequent hematologic adverse event was anemia, followed by neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Common non-hematologic adverse events included gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral or periorbital edema, muscle cramps, and hyperpigmentation, with regional variations. Most events were mild to moderate (grades 1–2), while severe fluid retention, including pleural and pericardial effusions, was reported in isolated cases. No studies reported permanent discontinuation of imatinib due to adverse events. Conclusion: This review summarizes imatinib-related adverse events among chronic myeloid leukemia patients from selected Asian regions—East and South Asia, specifically India, China, and Taiwan—showing predominantly mild to moderate toxicities and providing practice-informed insights for clinical monitoring. However, the absence of data from other Asian regions precludes generalization to the entire Asian continent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Niky Budiarti, Zullies Ikawati, Arief Nurrochmad, Thendi Abdul Arief https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Multidrug Therapy (MDT) Resistance in Mycobacterium leprae
Background: Leprosy remains a global public health problem, and the emergence of resistance to Multidrug Therapy (MDT) poses a serious obstacle to eradication efforts. Objective: This study aims to systematically review the mechanisms of resistance, the types of drugs involved, and the diagnostic approaches, while mapping research trends through bibliometric analysis. Methods: The study was conducted using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method based on PRISMA guidelines with data sourced from Scopus for the 2015–2025 publication period. Of the 11,166 identified articles, only 16 met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, a bibliometric analysis using the Bibliometrix R package on 2,214 publications was conducted to describe country scientific production, country production over time, co-occurrence, and word cloud. Results: The results showed that gene mutations rpoB, folP1, and gyrAis a major determinant of resistance to rifampin, dapsone, and ofloxacin, while new mechanisms such as partial duplication folP1 and compensatory mutations in rpoC indicates increasingly complex resistance patterns. India and Brazil contribute the most publications, in line with their high disease burden, while Indonesia's figures are relatively low despite being a major endemic country. Conclusion: This study emphasizes that MDT resistance requires more precise strategies, including strengthening molecular surveillance, genetic-based diagnostics, and developing locally tailored therapeutic policies. Increased research capacity and international collaboration are also needed to accelerate the achievement of global leprosy elimination targets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulthon Nurreza Setyawan, Syafri Musthofa, Isnawati Isnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Inappropriate Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in Elderly and Drug-Drug Interaction: A Narrative Review
Background: PPIs are highly effective for treating gastrointestinal disorders, including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Furthermore, for the prophylaxis of NSAIDs and to mitigate gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving glucocorticoids, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulants, particularly in the elderly population. The prescribing of PPIs among elderly patients remains a widespread issue that can lead to inappropriate use, hospital admission, or discharge. Additionally, the inappropriate use of PPIs can lead to possible drug-drug interactions. Objective: This narrative review aims to comprehensively assess inappropriateness associated with PPIs use in the elderly population and drug-drug interactions. Methods: Studies published from 2014 to 2024 were identified through a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Results: Long-term dangers such as infections and nutritional deficits are increased by inappropriate usage, which is defined by unwarranted commencement and lengthy duration. Simultaneously, PPIs present significant DDI hazards through modulating the absorption of pH-dependent medications and blocking cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2C19. These risks are made worse by the prevalence of polypharmacy and aging-related deterioration of renal and hepatic function. Conclusion: In clinical practice, these findings call for systematic drug reviews and organized deprescribing programs to detect and manage high-risk combos. Implementing PPI stewardship programs in hospital and community settings is highly advised at the policy and systems level to enhance pharmaceutical safety in this susceptible population and to encourage evidence-based, guideline-concordant prescription.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thendi Abdul Arief, Nabila Risti Rachmadi, Hanum Hasifah Fahriah, Agung Endro Nugroho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Eucheuma cottonii as a Natural Source for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative review
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing prevalence worldwide, including in Indonesia. Standard therapeutic approaches for T2DM are commonly associated with adverse effects, which has led to increasing interest in the use of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Eucheuma cottonii, an abundant red seaweed species in Indonesian waters, holds considerable potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent for T2DM due to its bioactive compound content. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of E. cottonii as a therapeutic agent through a literature review. Methods: This study is a literature review. Relevant literature was collected from several databases using specific keywords, and a total of 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Results: Evidence suggested that E. cottonii comprises numerous bioactive substances compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, sulfated polysaccharides, and carrageenan, which demonstrate antidiabetic activity through multiple mechanisms. These compounds inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, lower blood glucose levels, and enhance insulin secretion via dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. The antioxidant activity of E. cottonii is demonstrated by elevated levels of endogenous enzymes (SOD, GPx, GSH) and reduced ROS and MDA, while its anti-inflammatory effects were reflected in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes (COX-2, LOX-5). Moreover, E. cottonii functions as a prebiotic, modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the population of Bifidobacterium spp., and improving the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, thereby contributing to better glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Based on these bioactivities, E. cottonii demonstrates strong potential for development as a multifunctional nutraceutical for the prevention and management of T2DM through antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota–modulating mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Made Agus Mahardika, Putu Oka Samirana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Neuroprotective Effect of Flavonoids in Huntington’s Disease: a Systematic Review
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive striatal and cortical neuronal loss, resulting in severe motor, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits for which no disease-modifying therapy currently exists. Flavonoids, abundant polyphenolic phytochemicals, are increasingly recognized for their potent neuroprotective properties, specifically acting as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and modulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Objective: This systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize and critically evaluate contemporary preclinical evidence regarding the efficacy of flavonoids in animal models of HD. Methods: A comprehensive search was executed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE databases (2015–2025) using specific keyword combinations. Studies investigating flavonoid effects in HD animal models with full-text availability were included, whereas publications older than ten years and review studies were excluded. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Twelve eligible animal studies were identified, demonstrating methodological quality ranging from good to very good. Results: Consistent findings indicated that flavonoid administration significantly enhanced motor coordination and cognitive performance, attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and preserved neuronal integrity. These protective outcomes were mediated through the modulation of multiple molecular pathways, encompassing antioxidant defense systems, inflammatory signaling cascades, and apoptosis-related mechanisms. Conclusion: While current preclinical evidence is promising, underscoring the critical roles of flavonoids as multifaceted neuroprotective agents, further rigorously designed clinical trials are imperative to validate these findings and establish the therapeutic potential and clinical applicability of flavonoids for patients suffering from Huntington’s disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sang Ayu Arta Suryantari, Anak Agung Intan Pramesti, I Made Suma Wirawan, I Gusti Ngurah Mambal Wirajangsa, I Wayan Yudha Wedantha, Ni Putu Elisya Nathania Fidela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Erratum to: In-use Stability of Hydrocortisone Injection Preparations at a Regional Referral Hospital in Central Java
Erratum to: Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 2025; 11(2): 185-192 DOI original article: https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v11i2.11538 After the publication of this article, errors were identified in the in-text citation, in Tables 2, 3, and 4, and in the reference list. The publisher wishes to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erza Genatrika, Elza Sundhani, Eka Fitri Adriana; Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0