Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento

Consumer Acceptance Survey and Irritation Test of Peel-Off Mask Gel Preparations of Banana Stem (Musa paradisiaca L.) and Widuri Flower (Calotropis gigantea L.)

Fitria Megawati — 2024-03-22

Peel-off gel masks made from extracts of banana stem (Musa paradisiaca L.) and widuri flower (Calotropis gigantea L.) are natural cosmetic products that contain flavonoids, a secondary metabolite that acts as an antioxidant. The evaluation by consumers is important to understand the level of product acceptance and preference in the market. This study aims to evaluate consumer acceptance of peel-off gel masks made from banana stem and widuri flower extracts, using a quantitative descriptive survey. The sample was collected using an accidental sampling technique from panelists aged between 20 and 40 years old at Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar. The survey was conducted through a Google Form that contained questions about consumer preferences (hedonic test) for aroma, viscosity, texture, color, stickiness, and overall product. A total of 40 panelists participated in the hedonic test, while the irritation test was conducted on 9 panelists to observe the possibility of redness or itching reactions on the skin after use. The banana stems peel-off gel mask scored 21.1 in the hedonic test, while the widuri flower peel-off gel mask scored 20.3. The results indicate that the banana stem peel-off gel mask was accepted by 84.4% of the participants in the hedonic test, while the widuri flower peel-off gel mask was accepted by 81.5% of the participants. The irritation test results indicate that neither type of peel-off gel mask caused any irritation after use. Panelists preferred the banana stem peel-off gel mask over the widuri flower peel-off gel mask, with a score of 21.1 and a percentage of 84.4%. Both types of peel-off gel masks are safe to use.

Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods in Determination of Soybean Tempeh Protein Content Using the Biuret Method

Thobias Tantra Koeswara — 2024-03-28

The determination of protein content in food commonly uses the Kjeldahl method. This method assumes the presence of total nitrogen. The Kjeldahl method is considered not only to measure the nitrogen content of proteins. Therefore, in this study, the Biuret method was used. However, this method can only be used on samples in the form of solutions. Thus, an appropriate sample preparation method is required to obtain the final sample preparation product in the form of a solution. This study aimed to determine the effect of sample preparation methods on measured protein content and to give recommended sample preparation methods. The principle of the Biuret method in determining protein content based on Cu²⁺ complex formation with peptide bonds obtained the maximum wavelength of 548 nm. In this study, four preparation methods were used. The first method is based on protein precipitation using trichloro acetic acid 10%; the second method principle is precipitation by ammonium sulfate and acetate buffer; the third method uses 10% NaOH to dissolve the protein, then precipitated using H₂SO₄ 10%; the principle of the fourth method is to dissolve the protein with 1 M NaOH and heating to reduce protein particles. The specified testing parameters are protein content, cost, and simplicity. The protein content in each method was obtained respectively: 12,5% (±0,012), 6,0% (±0,006), 10,2% (±0,001), and 16,1% (±0,216). In conclusion, sample preparation methods affect protein content. The fourth method is the best for giving protein content that complies with SNI. Other than that, the fourth method is cheaper, more straightforward, and more simple compared to the other three preparation methods.

Combination of Cocrystal and Ball Milling Techniques to Improve Etoricoxib Dissolution

Sharon Susanto — 2024-03-30

Etoricoxib (ETX) is a selective COX-2 anti-inflammatory drug classified in BCS class II. This study aims to enhance the dissolution rate of etoricoxib through a combination of co-crystal formation and ball milling conducted in-situ and ex-situ. Optimization was done by varying milling times and types of stabilizers, including Tween 80 (ETX-OXA-BM-T), Poloxamer 188 (ETX-OXA-BM-P), and a combination of Tween 80-sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) (ETX-OXA-BM-T-S). In-situ experiments yielded a very low yield (<10%) and failed to produce co-crystals, thus deeming them unsuitable for continuation. Meanwhile, the ex-situ process showed more potential, leading to further evaluation using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-Ray Diffractometry (PXRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). DSC analysis showed endothermic peaks at 130°C for ETX and around 179 - 180°C for ETX-OXA and its derivatives. PXRD diffractograms for ETX-OXA and its derivatives exhibited similar peaks, differing from ETX. SEM analysis indicated that ETX-OXA-BM-T with 60 minutes of milling resulted in nanometer-sized particles, while the use of Poloxamer 188 and the combination of Tween 80-SLS produced particle sizes > 1 µm. ETX-OXA-BM-T showed the highest increase in solubility in all media. The dissolution results of ETX-OXA-BM-T showed improvement in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, while no significant differences were observed in pH 1.2 and 4.5 buffers. This study demonstrates that the combination of co-crystal formation and ex-situ ball milling is a potential approach to enhancing the dissolution rate of etoricoxib.

Antibiotic Quality Assessment in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia at General Hospital in Bali

Herleeyana Meriyani — 2024-03-30

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Antibiotics are essential therapies for bacterial CAP. The use of antibiotics is a critical point in CAP treatment. Inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance. The study aimed to evaluate the proper use of antibiotics in CAP patients and identify the relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and the use of single/combined antibiotics with prolonged length of stay. This study was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection at a general hospital in Bali. Evaluation of the proper use of antibiotics was done using the Gyssens algorithm. The relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and the type of antibiotic (single/combined) with the length of stay was carried out using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence interval. There were 151 CAP patients as samples in this study consisting of 55.63% men and 44.37% women with a median age of 60 years (18-89). The appropriate use of antibiotics was 17.88%, while 82.18% of the total antibiotic use was inappropriate. The Inappropriate use of antibiotics in category IIA (incorrect dosage) is 3.97%, category IIIB (inappropriate interval) is 4.64%, category IVC (cheaper alternative antibiotics were available) is 41.72%, and category V (no indication) is 37.79%. There is no significant relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and prolonged LOS [p>0.05; OR: 1.132 (CI: 0.466-2.746)] however the use of antibiotics (single or in combination) significantly affects the prolonged LOS [p<0.05; OR: 0.027 (CI: 0.004-0.204)].

Retrospective Study of Antibiotic Use in Covid-19 Patients with Pneumonia at Hospital “X” Bali Province, Indonesia

Nyoman Budiartha Siada — 2024-03-30

COVID-19 with bacterial pneumonia co-infection is a condition with bacteria present in COVID-19 patients. The prevalence of bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 patients ranges from 12.4%–50%. This study aims to determine the relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and the severity of inpatients with COVID-19 and pneumonia co-infection at Hospital "X" Bali Province, Indonesia. This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was carried out retrospectively on medical record data of COVID-19 inpatients with pneumonia co-infection at Hospital "X" Bali Province, Indonesia for the period January - December 2021. The sampling technique used total sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Appropriate use of antibiotics antibiotic was analyzed using Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) version 9.1. The patient severity index was an assessment based on the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) score. The relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and the severity of inpatients with COVID-19 and pneumonia co-infection was analyzed using Fisher's test. Of the 80 COVID-19 inpatients with pneumonia co-infection, 90% experienced inappropriate use of antibiotics. Fisher's test results showed that there was no significant relationship between the appropriate use of antibiotics and the severity of inpatients with COVID-19 and pneumonia co-infection at Hospital "X" Bali Province, Indonesia (p > 0.05).

Effectiveness of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Leaf Extract Cream on the Diameter of IIA Degree Burns

I Gusti Agung Ayu Kusuma Wardani — 2024-03-30

Burn injuries involve tissue damage caused by heat, including exposure to hot steam, fire, radiation, electricity, hot liquids or fats, electrical currents, and chemical compounds. Dadap Serep leaves (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk) Merr) are among the plants recorded in Usada Bali, known for treating various types of wounds. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of ethanol extract cream from Dadap Serep leaves in reducing the diameter of second-degree burns in vivo using white rats as test subjects. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: K- (negative control), K+ (positive control), P1 (application of Dadap Serep leaf extract cream 20%), and P2 (application of Dadap Serep leaf extract cream 40%). The cream was topically applied twice daily for 14 days. The burn diameter results were analyzed using SPSS 25 software employing the Tukey Test. Post hoc Tukey testing revealed significant differences between the negative control and positive control groups, treatments 1 and 2, with p-values of 0.001, 0.043, and 0.012, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the positive control group and treatment groups 1 and 2, with p-values of 0.268 and 0.596, respectively. The ethanol extract cream from Dadap Serep leaves proved effective in reducing the diameter of second-degree burns on rat skin. The Dadap Serep leaf extract cream at a concentration of 20% was effective in reducing the diameter of second-degree burns on rat skin.

Types of Masks Worn by Elementary School Students During Limited Face-to-Face Meetings Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Rosa Adelina — 2024-03-31

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic. As a result, elementary school learning was primarily conducted online. However, in January 2022, the Government of Indonesia announced that limited face-to-face meetings in schools could be conducted due to the vaccination of elementary school students. Nevertheless, these meetings are still subject to health protocols, including wearing masks. This study aims to examine the types and brands of masks used, as well as elementary school students' knowledge regarding the layers of masks and sources of information on mask usage during limited face-to-face meetings. The research utilized a descriptive method and cross-sectional study design. The sample was obtained through purposive sampling of elementary school students in the Jabodetabek area, with a total of 408 students included in the study. Univariate data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 to describe the observed results. The findings indicate that the three most used types of masks were duckbill masks (33%), medical masks (25%), and KF94 masks (21%). The two highest response groups reported that 41.4% of respondents believed the masks to consist of only one layer, while the other 35% believed they consisted of three layers. The most used mask brands are those produced in China. Teachers and parents are the primary sources of knowledge regarding the use of masks among elementary school students. According to the study's findings, there is a strong correlation between the information received and the use of masks by these students.

Authentication of G.dulcis Against Adulteration of G.Mangostana with Chemometric Combination Spectrophotometric Method

Samsul Hadi — 2024-03-30

Garcinia is a genus consisting of various species that engage in diverse activities. The two garcinia species that have been studied are G. dulcis and G. mangostana. Fruit extracts from the pericarp of both species have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic activity. However, the activities of these two species vary, so authentication of one species is necessary. This study aims to authenticate G. dulcis in a mixture of G. dulcis and G. mangostana. This research uses a combination of the spectrophotometric method and chemometrics. The equipment used is UV-vis spectrophotometry, and data analysis uses PLSR. The research results show that at a wavelength area of 246.77–224.46 nm, the normal model RMSEC is 3.75 and R² is 0.99, and the wavelength 300.2-256.56 nm of the second derivatization RMSEC is 3.21 and R²is 0.9956. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the 2nd derivatization model at a wavelength of 300.2-256.56 nm is the best model for authenticating G.dulcis against G.mangostana because it has the lowest RMSE and the highest R² qualitatively but has not been able to quantify the difference.

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Analysis of Jackfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk.) Extract 2% with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Ketut Agus Adrianta — 2024-03-31

Ultraviolet light, especially ultraviolet B (UV-B) light, can cause the formation of free radicals, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS). Jackfruit leaves are rich in phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, have good antioxidant properties, and can act as UV-protectors. Several studies using natural materials have been carried out to determine the protective activity of Jackfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk.) as a UV-protector based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. This research was conducted using the in vitro method using spectrophotometry by first macerating the jackfruit leaves, then concentrating them with a rotary evaporator. The extract obtained was formulated into a stick and then dissolved into several concentrations, namely 2,500 ppm, 5,000 ppm, 7,500 ppm, and 10,000 ppm. The results showed that the SPF value at a concentration of 2,500 ppm was 8.09 (maximum protection), at a concentration of 5,000 ppm was 16.83 (ultra protection), at a concentration of 7,500 ppm was 14.34 (maximum protection), and at a concentration of 10,000 ppm (maximum protection). Based on the results of the study, a 2% stick of jackfruit leaf extract (Artocarpus heterophylla Lamk.) had the highest SPF value, namely 16.83 in the ultra-protection category at a concentration of 5,000 ppm, so it has the potential to be a UV-protector.

Quality of prescribing in patients with hypertension: A narrative review

Devina Erawati Santoso — 2024-03-30

Assessing the rational use of medicines or prescription quality is essential in any health system. However, data on the quality of prescribing in patients with hypertension is currently lacking. Hence, this review aimed to identify prescribing quality indicators in patients with hypertension and understand the results. A narrative review was conducted to include literature searching in three databases, including PubMed (Medline), Science Direct, and CINAHL, using keywords and Boolean Logic as follows: “(hypertension OR antihypertensive drugs OR antihypertensive medication OR antihypertensive agent) AND (quality prescription OR inappropriate prescribing OR potentially inappropriate medication OR rational prescribing)”. As a result, a total of 1889 articles were obtained. The articles were then selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in which 13 articles were included in this review. Based on the extracted data, explicit as well as implicit frameworks have been used to assess the quality of prescribing in patients with hypertension. Explicit approaches compared patient prescription versus guidelines (n=7 articles) or lists of potentially inappropriate use of medicines (n=3 articles). The implicit framework assessed patient prescription using two tools, including the prescription Quality Index (PQI) – 22 indicators (n=2 articles), and the prescription quality checklist – four indicators (n=1 article). The results of the quality assessment on the prescriptions showed that prescriptions categorized as good quality were between 40-80%. While varied levels of inappropriate selection of antihypertensive therapy were reported (0-65%). In addition, more than 30% of patients with hypertension experienced Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM); thus, prescribing among patients with hypertension needs to be optimized.